Phytochemical Study on the Essential Oils of Tarragon ( Аrtemisia dracunculus L.) Growing in Tajikistan and Its Comparison With the Essential Oil of the Species in the Rest of the World

Abstract

The aerial parts of the tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) were collected around Kukteppa village, Ziddi, Varzob region of Tajikistan. The essential oil of tarragon was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-five compounds representing 99.8% of total oil were identified. Sabinene (29.1%), estragole (24.6%), limonene (7.8%), (Z)-artemidin (4.9%), myrcene (4.8%), and (E)-β-ocimene (4.0%) were components with a representation higher than 4% of the essential oils of aerial parts of tarragon. Hierarchical cluster analysis of А. dracunculus essential oils on the global phytogeographic origin based on 30 essential oil components and 105 samples (globally) of this species, indicated the existence of its 7 major chemotypes: ocimene, α-terpinene, capillene, methyl eugenol, mixed chemotype, (Z)-artemidin, and estragol chemotypes. The essential oils of А. dracunculus showed weak antioxidant and antibacterial activities. To our best knowledge, this is the first report concerning the chemical composition, chemotypic variation, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of А. dracunculus, growing wild in the Varzob region of Tajikistan.

Keywords

essential oil GC-MS cluster analysis chemotype sabinene estragole

Artemisia dracunculus L. (common names: tarragon, estragon, tarkhun) is a small perennial shrub, 60-120 cm tall, and belongs to the Asteraceae. The plant is native to south-eastern Russia, Central Asia, Turkey, Mongolia, and western North America.¹ In Tajikistan, tarragon forms dense thickets; it is distributed commonly in the vegetation belts of black and juniper forests, subalpine meadows, semi-savannas, mountain, and desertified steppes. Tarragon is an important species of the Artemisia genus.

Tarragon was a folk remedy a long time ago.² Gelenus, Avicenna, Al-Beruni, Ibn al-Baitar, and others have noted about medicinal properties of tarragon in their works.³ Al-Beruni noted that “tarragon belongs to vegetables.” Avicenna had mentioned that “if tarragon chewed and kept in the mouth, it helps against foot-and-mouth disease; fresh tarragon grass useful for bleeding gums (gingiva) and bad breath.”³ Ibn al-Baitar pointed that tarragon makes breath “sweet,” removes the bitterness of drugs, and promotes good sleep.³

In Central Asian traditional medicine, tarragon is used to treat gastritis, dropsy, scurvy, and dyspepsia. The aerial parts of the tarragon are added as spices to dairy products and dishes; it improves appetite, promotes digestion, and clears the respiratory tract from the mucus (sputum). Its flowers have been noted to have antihelminthic action.^3,4 In Iranian folk medicine, aerial parts of tarragon were used to treat epilepsy, coagulopathy, and hyperlipidemia.⁵

In modern medicine, the aqueous extract of tarragon is used for the treatment of patients with chronic gastritis with low acidity. The aerial parts of tarragon have antiscorbutic and antihelminthic properties.³ Essential oil of tarragon is widely applied in food flavoring formulations and perfumery.^3,6

This herb possesses a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant,^7,8 antifungal,^7,9,10 antibacterial,^11,12 antidiabetic,¹³ hepatoprotective,⁸ and anticonvulsant¹⁴ activities.

The chemical compositions of essential oil of tarragon have been intensively investigated. Estragol (methyl chavicol), methyl eugenol, (E)-anethole, capillene, (E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-α-ocimene, limonene, α-pinene, α-terpinolene, elemicin, isoelemicin, 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne, β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, pulegone, hinokitiol, (Z)-artemidin, and acenaphthene have been reported as major compounds (≥10%) of the essential oil of A. dracunculus L.^{6,7,11,12,14

-39}

In the present work, we investigated the chemical composition, chemotypic variation, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of А. dracunculus, growing wild in Tajikistan.

Results and Discussion

In Tajikistan, tarragon grows wild on pebbles, fine earth-gravelly slopes, along streams, rivers, irrigation ditches at an altitude of 1700-4000 m above the sea; it is widespread at the vegetation belts of Turkestan, Zeravshan, Gissar-Darvaz, West-Tajikistan, and West and East-Pamir floristic zones.³

The aerial parts of the tarragon were collected around Kukteppa village, Ziddi, Varzob region of Tajikistan. The essential oil of tarragon was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty-five compounds representing 99.8% of total oil were identified. The essential oil of aerial parts of tarragon was dominated by the monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated aromatic compounds. Sabinene (29.1%), estragole (24.6%), limonene (7.8%), (Z)-artemidin (4.9%), myrcene (4.8%), and (E)-β-ocimene (4.0%) were the components (with a representation higher than 4%) of the essential oils of aerial parts of tarragon.

The chemical composition of the essential oil of tarragon growing wild in Tajikistan is presented in Table 1. Sabinene was also reported as a major component in the composition of essential oils of tarragon from different geographical origins (Romania, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, and China). ^11,16,24,26 It has been found in high concentrations in the essential oil A. dracunculus growing in Tibet (China, 19.2%), Lithuania (14%-25%), Romania (42.4%), and Kazakhstan (20.2%).^11,16,24,26 Estragole or methyl chavicol was reported as one of the principal components in many tarragon essential oils with the range 70%-85%^{12,17,20,22,24,29,34,35} and is a key component of French tarragon oil (>80%).⁴

Table 1

Essential Oil Composition of Tarragon From Tajikistan.

RI	Compound	%
823	1,3-Octadiene	0.2
935	α-Thujene	0.4
941	α-Pinene	3.6
950	α-Fenchene	0.3
952	Camphene	0.3
978	Sabinene	29.1
979	β-Pinene	1.5
987	Dehydro-1,8-cineole	0.1
993	Myrcene	4.8
1003	α-Phellandrene	0.1
1018	α-Terpinene	0.6
1019	p-Cymene	0.3
1027	β-Phellandrene	3.2
1033	Limonene	7.8
1039	(Z)-β-Ocimene	2.1
1050	(E)-β-Ocimene	4.0
1061	γ-Terpinene	1.0
1066	cis-Sabinene hydrate	0.2
1089	Terpinolene	0.3
1100	Linalool	0.6
1132	Camphor	0.1
1138	allo-Ocimene	0.8
1180	Terpinen-4-ol	1.1
1184	Methyl salicylate	0.1
1197	Methyl chavicol (=Estragole)	24.6
1289	Bornyl acetate	1.4
1343	δ-Elemene	0.1
1353	Citronellyl acetate	0.3
1361	Neryl acetate	0.1
1382	Geranyl acetate	0.1
1386	α-Copaene	tr
1390	Methyleugenol	0.8
1420	β-Caryophyllene	0.3
1450	α-Humulene	tr
1459	(E)-β-Farnesene	0.7
1470	(E)-β-Ionone	tr
1479	ar-Curcumene	0.7
1493	Bicyclogermacrene	0.1
1496	(E,E)-α-Farnesene	0.1
1505	1-Pentadecene	0.1
1522	δ-Cadinene	0.1
1525	β-Sesquiphellandrene	0.7
1578	Spathulenol	0.6
1806	3-(1Z-butenyl)-isocoumarin (= (Z)-Artemidin)	4.9
1840	3-(1E-butenyl)-isocoumarin (= (E)-Artemidin)	1.5
	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	60.2
	Oxygenated monoterpenoids	4.0
	Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons	2.7
	Oxygenated sesquiterpenoids	0.6
	Phenylpropanoids	25.4
	Others	6.9
	Total identified	99.8

A hierarchical cluster analysis of А. dracunculus essential oils on the global phytogeographic origin, based on 30 essential oil components and 105 samples (globally) of this species, indicated the existence of its 7 major chemotypes: (1) (E)-β-ocimene/(Z)-β-ocimene chemotype, (2) an α-terpinene chemotype, (3) a capillene chemotype, (4) a methyl eugenol chemotype, (5) a mixed chemotype, (6) a (Z)-artemidin (3-(1Z-butenyl)-isocoumarin) chemotype, and (7) an estragole (methyl chavicol) chemotype (see Supplemental Material). The present study investigated that essential oil of А. dracunculus from Tajikistan belongs to cluster (5), the mixed chemotypic variation (Figure 1). Cluster (5) can be further subdivided into 5 subclusters (Figure 2): (5a) with no dominating component, (5b) a sabinene group, (5c) an elemicin group, (5d) an estragole/capillene group, and (5e) an anethole group, with the present essential oil fitting into a group (5b). Eisenman and coauthors had previously reported 6 clusters: (1) estragole (methyl chavicol), (2) methyl eugenol, (3) α-terpinene, (4) capillene, (5) 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne, and (6) (E)-β-ocimene/(Z)-β-ocimene, based on essential oils diversity in North American wild tarragon.²⁹ In 2010, Chauhan and co-authors reported on a capillene chemotype of A. dracunculus from North-West Himalaya, India.²³ In 2012, Mir and co-workers described a new chemotype of A. dracunculus from Kashmir with acenaphthene as the major component,³³ but this conclusion is unlikely; the compound identified as acenaphthene is most likely capillene, and the compound identified as capillene is most likely 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne.

Figure 1

Hierarchical cluster analysis of Аrtemisia dracunculus essential oils.

Figure 2

Cluster (5), mixed chemotype, showing subclusters.

According to International Standard ISO 10115 (second edition 2013) the chromatographic profile of the essential oil of tarragon (French type) shall be the limits: α-pinene (0.5%-2%), limonene (2%-7%), (Z)-β-ocimene (5%-13%), (E)-β-ocimene (6%-12%), estragole (68%-84%), and methyl eugenol (up to 1%).⁴⁰ In 2019, Bakova and co-authors reported that 2 varieties of tarragon, Isumrud and Travnevy, were selected as prospective species for industrial production in Russia. The principal components were estragole chemotype (up to 91%) in Isumrud variety and sabinene (40.0%) and trans-iso-elemicin (26.1%) in Travnevy variety tarragon species.⁴¹ Results of this present study revealed that essential oil Tajik tarragon does not fit with the essential oil profiles of tarragon for either the French or the Russian types. The essential oil of the Tajik tarragon is mainly characterized by sabinene (29.1%) and estragole (24.6%).

In the present work, the essential oil of tarragon has shown weak antioxidant activity compared with positive control which was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values for the essential oil were 1.15 mg/mL for DPPH and 0.17 mg/mL for ABTS, respectively. The IC₅₀ values of the positive control (ascorbic acid) were 0.002 mg/mL for DPPH and 0.005 mg/mL for ABTS, respectively. These results are in agreement with the antioxidant activity of tarragon reported previously.^7,8,32

Tarragon essential oil collected from Tajikistan demonstrated only very weak antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria.

Experimental Section

Plant Material

The aerial parts of А. dracunculus L. were collected from multiple individuals around Kukteppa village, Ziddi, Varzob region of Tajikistan (39°02′44 N, 68°54′12 E; 2670 m above the sea) on June 28, 2019. The plant collection site was a mountain meadow, and it has gray soil containing significant sand and gravel. The aerial parts of А. dracunculus were dried at 25 °C in the shade. The voucher specimen of the plant (CTICNPG 2018-10) was deposited at the Research Institution “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products” of the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences.

Isolation of the Essential Oil

The dried plant material (pooled from multiple individuals; 300 g) of А. dracunculus L. was subjected to hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours. Yield of the essential oil was 0.5%.

GC-MS Analysis

GC-MS analysis was performed on the essential oil of А. dracunculus (3 analyses of the essential oil) using an Agilent 6890 GC with Agilent 5973 MSD and HP-5ms capillary column as described previously by us.^42,43 Identification of the essential oil components was based on retention indices (RI) and mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those reported in the literature,⁴⁴ and our own in-house database.

Antioxidant Activity

The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of A. dracunculus was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. DPPH and ABTS assays were performed as described earlier by us.⁴⁵

Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was determined against S. aureus (ATCC 23235), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and E. coli (ATCC 25922). Bacterial strains were tested on agar. Sterilized paper disks were loaded with 10 µL of tarragon essential oil or positive control and applied on the surface of agar plates. Inhibition zones (mm) of bacterial strains were defined after the incubation period for 24 hours at 37 °C.

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Cluster analysis methodology was described previously by us.⁴⁶ The agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis was performed by using the XLSTAT software, version 2018.1.1.62926 (Addinsoft, Paris, France). Euclidean distance was used to measure dissimilarity, and Ward’s method was used for cluster definition.

Supplemental Material

Supplementary Material 1 - Supplemental material for Phytochemical Study on the Essential Oils of Tarragon (Аrtemisia dracunculus L.) Growing in Tajikistan and Its Comparison With the Essential Oil of the Species in the Rest of the World

Supplemental material, Supplementary Material 1, for Phytochemical Study on the Essential Oils of Tarragon (Аrtemisia dracunculus L.) Growing in Tajikistan and Its Comparison With the Essential Oil of the Species in the Rest of the World by Farukh S. Sharopov, Aminjon Salimov, Sodik Numonov, Mahinur Bakri, Zafar Sangov, Maidina Habasi, Haji Akber Aisa and William N. Setzer in Natural Product Communications

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors are grateful for financial support to the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (Grant No. 2019PB0043), Central Asian Drug Discovery & Development Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. CAM 201808), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1703235), Foreign young scholar (Grant No. 2018FYB0004), and CAS “Light of West China” Program 2018-YDYLTD-001.

ORCID iDs

Farukh S. Sharopov

William N. Setzer

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Hassanzadeh

MK.

Najaran

ZT.

Nasery

Tarragon

ESA

. (Artemisia dracunculus L.) oils. In: Preedy

VR.

, ed. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier Academic Press; 2016:813-817.

Obolskiy

Pischel

Feistel

Glotov

Heinrich

. Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(21):11367-11384.doi:10.1021/jf202277w

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942448

Hojimatov

. Wild Medicinal Plants of Tajikistan. Tadj. Sovet. Ensclopedii; 1989:238-337.

Zaurov

DE.

Belolipov

IV.

Kurmukov

AG.

Sodombekov

IS.

Akimaliev

AA.

Eisenman

. The medicinal plants of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. In: Eisenman

SW.

Zaurov

DE.

Struwe

, eds. Medicinal Plants of Central Asia: Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Springer; 2013:15-273.

Abtahi Froushani

SM.

Zarei

Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh

Mansori Motlagh

. Estragole and methyl-eugenol-free extract of Artemisia dracunculus possesses immunomodulatory effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2016;6(5):526-534.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27761422

Ruzkich

IB.

МА

Serich

AE.

Pokrovskiy

LM.

АV

. Sostav efirnogo masla polini tarkhun (Artemisia dracunculus L.) sibirskoy flori. Khimiya Rastitelnogo Sirya. 2000;3:65-76.

Khosravi

AR.

Sharifzadeh

Nikaein

Almaie

Gandomi Nasrabadi

. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antifungal effects of five Iranian essential oils against Candida strains isolated from urine samples. J Mycol Med. 2018;28(2):355-360.doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.01.005

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29477783

Zarezade

Moludi

Mostafazadeh

Mohammadi

Veisi

. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Artemisia dracunculus against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2018;8(1):51-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29387574

Mehrparvar

Goltapeh

EM.

Safaie

Ashkani

Hedesh

. Antifungal activity of essential oils against mycelial growth of Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola and Agaricus bisporus . Ind Crops Prod. 2016;84:391-398.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.02.012

10.

Meepagala

KM.

Sturtz

Wedge

. Antifungal constituents of the essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus L. var. dracunculus . J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(24):6989-6992.doi:10.1021/jf020466w

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12428948

11.

Liu

Lin

Bao

et al. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia dracunculus L. var. qinghaiensis Y. R. Ling (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;125:1-4.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.08.085

12.

Petrosyan

MT.

Sahakyan

NZ.

Trichouniun

. Chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L., cultivated at high altitude Armenian landspace. Chem Biol. 2018;52:116-121.

13.

Ribnicky

DM.

Kuhn

Poulev

et al. Improved absorption and bioactivity of active compounds from an anti-diabetic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. Int J Pharm. 2009;370(1-2):87-92.doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.11.012

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084584

14.

Sayyah

Nadjafnia

Kamalinejad

. Anticonvulsant activity and chemical composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oil. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94(2-3):283-287.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.021

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15325732

15.

Lopes-Lutz

Alviano

DS.

Alviano

CS.

Kolodziejczyk

. Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry. 2008;69(8):1732-1738.doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417176

16.

Fildan

AP.

Pet

Stoin

et al. Artemisia dracunculus essential oil chemical composition and antioxidant properties. Revista de Chimie. 2019;70(1):59-62.doi:10.37358/RC.19.1.6851

17.

Mousavi

Maroufpoor

Valizadegan

. Fumigant toxicity of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oils on different life stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung. 2018;53(1):29-42.doi:10.1556/038.52.2017.032

18.

Sharafati Chaleshtori

Rokni

Razavilar

Rafieian Kopaei

. The evaluation of the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) essential oil and its chemical composition. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013;6(9):7877-7878.doi:10.5812/jjm.7877

19.

Gholivand

MB.

Yamini

Dayeni

. Optimization and comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction of estragole from tarragonleaves with hydro-distillation method. Ana Bioanal Chem. 2014;1(2):99-107.

20.

Bahmani

Aboonajmi

Arabhosseini

Mirsaeedghazi

. Ann modeling of extraction kinetics of essential oil from tarragon using ultrasound pre-treatment. Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food. 2018;11(1):25-29.doi:10.1016/j.eaef.2017.10.003

21.

Tak

Mohiuddin

Ganai

Chishti

Ahmad

Dar

. Phytochemical studies on the extract and essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Tarragon). Afr J Plant Sci. 2014;8:72-75.

22.

Zorca

Gainar

Bala

. Isolation and fractional separation of tarragon essential oil by supercritical fluid. An Univ Bucuresti Chimie. 2009;1:21-25.

23.

Chauhan

RS.

Kitchlu

Ram

Kaul

MK.

Tava

. Chemical composition of capillene chemotype of Artemisia dracunculus L. from North-West Himalaya, India. Ind Crops Prod. 2010;31(3):546-549.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.02.005

24.

Venskutonis

Dapkevicius

Gramshaw

JW.

Baranauskien

. Composition of volatile constitents in tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) at different vegatative periods. In: Taylor

AJ.

Mottram

DS.

, eds. Flavour Science. Woodhead Publishing; 1996:46-51.

25.

Kordali

Kotan

Mavi

Cakir

Ala

Yildirim

. Determination of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus and of the antifungal and antibacterial activities of Turkish Artemisia absinthium, A. dracunculus, Artemisia santonicum, and Artemisia spicigera essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(24):9452-9458.doi:10.1021/jf0516538

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16302761

26.

Suleimenov

EM.

Tkachev

AV.

Adekenov

. Essential oil from Kazakhstan Artemisia species. Chem Nat Compd. 2010;46(1):135-139.doi:10.1007/s10600-010-9548-y

27.

Goryaev

MI.

Bazalitskaya

VF.

Polyakov

. Chemical Composition of Artemisia. Alma-Ata: Izd. Akad. Nauk Kaz. SSR; 1962:127-128.

28.

Verma

MK.

Anand

Chisti

et al. Essential oil composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Tarragon) growing in Kashmir-India. J Essen Oil-Bear Plants. 2010;13(3):331-335.doi:10.1080/0972060X.2010.10643830

29.

Eisenman

SW.

Juliani

HR.

Struwe

Simon

. Essential oil diversity in North American wild tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) with comparisons to French and Kyrgyz tarragon. Ind Crops Prod. 2013;49:220-232.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.037

30.

Heidari

Azizi

Soltani

Hadian

. Foliar application of Ca(NO₃)₂ and KNO₃ affects growth, essential oil content, and oil composition of French tarragon. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;62:526-532.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.026

31.

Jalilzadeh-Amin

Maham

Dalir-Naghadeh

Kheiri

. In vitro effects of Artemisia dracunculus essential oil on ruminal and abomasal smooth muscle in sheep. Comp Clin Path. 2012;21(5):673-680.doi:10.1007/s00580-010-1155-6

32.

Rajabian

Hassanzadeh

KM.

Emami

SA.

Tayarani

NZ.

Rahimzadeh

OR.

Asili

. Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activity of essential oil, and aqueous and organic extracts of Artemisia dracunculus . Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2017;12(1):323-325.

33.

Mir

Rather

MA.

Dar

et al. Comparative GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of the chemical profile of the leaf, stem androot essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus. L growing in Kashmir (India). J Pharm Res. 2012;5:1353-1356.

34.

Fraternale

Flamini

Ricci

. Essential oil composition and antigermination activity of Artemisia dracunculus (tarragon). Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(8):1469-1472.doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000839

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26434144

35.

Karimi

Hadian

Farzaneh

Khadivi-Khub

. Phenotypic diversity and volatile composition of Iranian Artemisia dracunculus . Ind Crops Prod. 2015;65:315-323.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.003

36.

Osanloo

Amani

Sereshti

Abai

MR.

Esmaeili

Sedaghat

. Preparation and optimization nanoemulsion of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) essential oil as effective herbal larvicide against Anopheles stephensi . Ind Crops Prod. 2017;109:214-219.doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.037

37.

Bedini

Flamini

Cosci

et al. Artemisia spp. essential oils against the disease-carrying blowfly Calliphora vomitoria . Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):80-84.doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2006-y

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28193253

38.

Pappas

RS.

Sturtz

. Unusual alkynes found in the essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus L. var. dracunculus from the Pacific Northwest. J Essen Oil Res. 2001;13(3):187-188.doi:10.1080/10412905.2001.9699657

39.

Ayoughi

Barzegar

Sahari

MA.

Naghdibadi

. Chemical compositions of essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus L. and endemic Matricaria chamomilla and an evaluation of their antioxidative effects. J Agric Sci Technol. 2011;13(1):102-108.

40.

ISO . Essential Oil of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.). ISO 10115:2013(E). International Organization for Standardization; 2013.

41.

Bakova

NN.

Shevchuk

OM.

Logvinenko

LA.

Timasheva

. To the question of standadization of the estragon raw. Vegetable Crops of Russia. 2019;2:58-62.

42.

Khalifaev

PD.

Sharopov

FS.

Safomuddin

et al. Chemical composition of the essential oil from the roots of Ferula kuhistanica growing wild in Tajikistan. Nat Prod Commun. 2018;13(2):219-222.doi:10.1177/1934578X1801300226

43.

Sharopov

FS.

Numonov

SR.

Safomuddin

et al. Chemical composition of essential oil from Cercis griffithii growing in Tajikistan. Chem Nat Compd. 2018;54(5):1002-1003.doi:10.1007/s10600-018-2535-4

44.

Adams

. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. 4th Allured Publishing Corp; 2007:456.

45.

Sharopov

FS.

Wink

Setzer

. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of essential oil components–an experimental and computational investigation. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(1):153-156.doi:10.1177/1934578X1501000135

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25920239

46.

Sharopov

FS.

Salimov

Numonov

et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from Аrtemisia annua L. growing wild in Tajikistan. Nat Prod Commun. 2020;15(5):1-7.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.27 MB

0.00 MB