The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the flowering capitula of Coleostephus myconis (syn. Chrysanthemum myconis) was constituted almost exclusively of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (85.8%). The main constituent was T-cadinol (66.2%), followed by valeranone (8.2%), germacrene D (6.0%) and α-cadinol (4.6%). By mean of the SPME technique, the volatiles emitted in vivo by the whole capitula and by tubular and ligulate florets have been identified. Many differences were evidenced among the different organs and with respect to the essential oil
MaccioniS, FlaminiG, CioniPL, TomeiPE. (1992) Le tipologie fitochimiche in alcune popolazioni di Thymus vulgaris L. presenti sul Promontorio del Caprione (Liguria Orientale). Rivista Itaiana EPPOS, 7, 13–18.
3.
FlaminiG, CioniPL, MorelliI, MaccioniS, TomeiPE. (1994) Characterization of the volatile fraction of a Sideritis romana population from Montemarcello (Eastern Liguria). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6, 239–242.
4.
FlaminiG, CioniPL, MorelliI, MaccioniS, BaldiniR. (2004) Phytochemical typologies in some populations of Myrtus communis L. on Caprione Promontory (East Liguria, Italy). Food Chemistry, 85, 599–604.
5.
ChiosiR. (1978) Notizie botaniche relative alla zona costiera ed alle colline dell'immediato entroterra del Golfo della Spezia. Parte 1.Itinerari nel passato. Quaderno XXII, San Giovanni Valdarno (Italy).
6.
MaccioniS, TomeiPE. (1988) Contributo alla conoscenza della flora del promontorio del Caprione (Montemarcello - La Spezia). Memorie dell'Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze, 51-53, 119–154.
7.
MaccioniS. (1991) Guida al Parco di Montemarcello.Sagep, Genova.
8.
MontiG, MaccioniS. (1996) Ricerche sulla flora micologica della Liguria. I macromiceti delle leccete del Caprione (Liguria orientale). Micologia Italiana, 1, 55–73.
9.
CardelliM, Di TommasoPL, SignoriniMA. (2000) Le pinete di pino d'Aleppo (Pinus halepensis Miller) del Monte Caprione. Parlatorea, 4, 25–38.
10.
MaccioniS, BaldiniR, AmadeiL. (2001) La flora del Promontorio del Caprione. Secondo contributo. Memorie dell'Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze, 71, 139–163.
11.
MaccioniS, CardelliM. (2002) L'Orto Botanico di Montemarcello nel Parco Naturale Regionale di Montemarcello-Magra (La Spezia, Liguria Orientale). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie Serie B, 109, 111–117.
12.
StenhagenE, AbrahamssonS, McLaffertyFW. (1974) Registry of Mass Spectral Data.J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
13.
MassadaY. (1976) Analysis of Essential Oils by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
14.
JenningsW, ShibamotoT. (1980) Qualitative Analysis of Flavor and Fragrance Volatiles by Glass Capillary Chromatography.Academic Press, New York.
DaviesNW. (1990) Gas chromatographic retention indexes of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on methyl silicone and Carbowax 20M phases. Journal of Chromatography, 503, 1–24.
17.
AdamsRP. (1995) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.Allured, Carol Stream.
18.
AdamsRP, ZanoniTA, LaraA, BarreroAF, CoolLG. (1997) Comparison among Cupressus arizonica Greene, C. benthamii Endl., C. lindleyi Klotz. ex Endl. and C. lusitanica Mill. using leaf essential oils and DNA fingerprinting. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 9, 303–309.
19.
WilliamsNH. (1983) Floral fragrances as cues in animal behaviour. In: Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. JonesCE, LittleRJ. (Eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 50–72.
20.
DobsonHEM, BergstromG, GrothI. (1990) Differences in fragrance chemistry between flower parts of Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Rosaceae). Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 143–156.
21.
KnudsenJT, TollstenL. (1991) Floral scent and intrafloral scent differentiation in Monoses and Pyrola (Pyrolaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 177, 81–91.
22.
DobsonHEM. (1994) Floral volatiles in insect biology. In: Insect-plant interactions. BernaysEA (Ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 47–81.
23.
DobsonHEM, BergstromG. (2000) The ecology and the evolution of pollen odors. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 222, 63–87.
24.
TorresC, GalettoL. (2002) Are nectar sugars composition and corolla tube length related to the diversity of insects that visit Asteraceae flowers?Plant Biology, 4, 360–366.
25.
CeranaMM. (2004) Flower morphology and pollination in Mikania (Asteraceae). Flora, 199, 168–177.
26.
GloverBJ. (2007) Understanding flowers and flowering, an integrated approach.Oxford University Press, New York.
27.
CurcicBPM, MakarovSE, TesevicV, JadraninLV. (2009) Identification of secretory compounds from the European Callipodian species Apfelbeckia insculpta. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 35, 893–895.
28.
Batista-PereiraLG, FernnandesJB, CorreaAG, Da SilvaMFGF, VieiraPC. (2006) Electrophysiological responses of eucalyptus brown looper Thyrinteina arnobia to essential oils of seven Eucalyptus species. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 17, 555–561.
29.
DuffieldRM, WheelerJW, EickwortGC. (1984) Semiochemicals of bees. In: Chemical Ecology of Insects. BellWJ, CardéRT (Eds.). Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, pp. 387–428.
30.
DobsonHEM. (2006) Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In: Biology of Floral Scent, DudarevaN, PicherskyE (Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 147–198.
31.
VarshneyVK, DayalR, BhandariRS, JyotiKN, PrasunaAL, PrasadAR, YadavJS. (2005) Behavioral response of the borer beetle Hoplocerambyx spinicornis to volatile compounds of the tree Shorea robusta. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2, 785–791.
32.
Grombone-GuaratiniMT, SolferiniVN, SemirJ. (2004) Reproductive biology in species of Bidens L. (Asteraceae). Scientia Agricola, 61, 185–189.
33.
AnderssonS. (2008) Pollinator and nonpollinator selection on ray morphology in Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy, Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 95, 1072–1078.
34.
HazelhoffB, MalingreTM, MeijerDKF. (1982) Antispasmodic effects of valeriana compounds: an in vivo and in vitro study on the guinea pig ileum. Archives of International Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, 257, 274–287.
35.
RueckerG, TauthesJ, SieckA, WenzlH, GrafE. (1978) Studies on isolation and pharmacodynamic activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone from Nardostachys yatamansi DC. Arzneimittelforschung, 28, 7–13.
36.
HendriksH, BosR, AllersmaDP, MalingreTM, KosterAS. (1981) Pharmacological screening of valeranal and some other components of essential oil of Valeriana officinalis. Planta Medica, 42, 62–68.
37.
TakeiM, UmeyamaA, AriharaS. (2006) T-cadinol and calamenene induce dendritic cells from human monocytes and drive Th1 polarization. European Journal of Pharmacology, 537, 190–199.
38.
RojasR, BustamanteB, VentosillaP, FernandezI, CaviedesL, GilmanRH, LockO, HammondGB. (2006) Larvicidal, antimycobacterial and antifungal compounds from the bark of the Peruvian plant Swartia polyphylla DC. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 54, 278–279.
39.
ClaesonP, ZygmuntP, HogstattED. (1991) Calcium antagonistic properties of the sesquiterpene T-cadinol: a comparison with nimodipine in the isolated rat aorta. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 69, 173–177.
