Research has consistently found a significant correlation between alcohol consumption and offending. Although this finding does not prove any direct causal link, many offenders subsequently claim that the fact that they had been drinking should mitigate their sentence. As the argument advanced by offenders is framed in retributive terms—culpability is reduced because of intoxication—this article aims to analyse the impact, if any, that intoxication should have under a desert model.
Ashworth, A. (1989) `Criminal Justice and Deserved Sentences', Criminal Law Review340-55.
2.
Ashworth, A. and A. von Hirsch (1997) `Recognising Elephants: The Problem of the Custody Threshold', Criminal Law Review187-200.
3.
Baker, E. and C. Clarkson (2002) `Making Punishments Work? An Evaluation of the Halliday Report on Sentencing in England and Wales', Criminal Law Review81-97.
4.
Bennett, C. (2002) `The Varieties of Retributive Experience', Philosophical Quarterly52(207): 145-63.
5.
Blum, R.H. (1981) `Violence, Alcohol, and Settings: An Unexplored Nexus', in J.J. Collins (ed.) Drinking and Crime: Perspectives on the Relationships between Alcohol Consumption and Criminal Behavior, pp. 110-42. New York: Guilford Press.
6.
Budd, T. (2003) Alcohol-Related Assault: Findings from the British Crime Survey. London: Home Office .
7.
Bushman, B.J. and H.M. Cooper (1990) `Effects of Alcohol on Human Aggression: An Integrative Research Review', Psychological Bulletin107: 341-54.
8.
Collins, J.J. (1981) `Alcohol Careers and Criminal Careers', in J.J. Collins (ed.) Drinking and Crime: Perspectives on the Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Criminal Behavior, pp. 152-206. New York: Guilford Press.
9.
Connors, G.J. and S.A. Maisto (1988) `The Alcohol Expectancy Construct: Overview and Clinical Application', Cognitive Therapy Research12(5): 487-504.
10.
Cottingham, J. (1979) `Varieties of Retribution', Philosophical Quarterly29(116): 238-46.
11.
Dingwall, G. (2006) Alcohol and Crime. Cullompton : Willan.
12.
Dingwall, G. (2008) `Deserting Desert? Locating the Present Role of Retributivism in the Sentencing of Adult Offenders', Howard Journal of Criminal Justice (forthcoming).
13.
Duff, R.A. (1986) Trials and Punishments. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
14.
Easton, S. and C. Piper (2005) Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice . Oxford: Oxford University Press .
15.
Evans, C.M. (1986) `Alcohol and Violence: Problems Relating to Methodology, Statistics and Causation', in P.F. Brain (ed.) Alcohol and Aggression. London : Croom Helm.
16.
Goldman, M.S., S.A. Brown and B.A. Christiansen (1987) `Expectancy Theory: Thinking about Drinking', in H.T. Blaine and K.E. Leonard (eds) Psychological Theories of Drinking and Alcoholism. New York: Guilford Press.
17.
Hall, G. (1987) Hall on Sentencing in New Zealand. Wellington: Butterworths.
18.
Halliday Report (2001) Making Punishments Work. London : Home Office.
19.
Hanly, C. (2003) `The Impact of Alcohol on Sentencing', in S. Kilcommins and I. O'Donnell (eds) Alcohol, Society and Law, pp. 255-308. Chichester : Barry Rose.
20.
Hudson, B. (1993) Penal Policy and Social Justice. London: Macmillan.
21.
Hudson, B. (1996) Understanding Justice. Buckingham : Open University Press.
22.
Hull, J.G. and C.F. Bond (1986) `Social and Behavioral Consequences of Alcohol Consumption and Expectations: A Meta-Analysis', Psychological Bulletin99(3): 347-60.
23.
Jacobson, J. and M. Hough (2007) Mitigation: The Role of Personal Factors in Sentencing . London: Prison Reform Trust.
24.
Koffman, L. (2006) `The Rise and Fall of Proportionality: The Failure of the Criminal Justice Act 1991', Criminal Law Review281-99.
25.
Leigh, B.C. (1989) `In Search of the Seven Dwarves: Issues of Measurement and Meaning in Alcohol Expectancy Theory', Psychological Bulletin105(3): 361-73.
26.
Light, R. (1994) `Questioning the Link between Alcohol and Crime' , in E. Stanko (ed.) Perspectives on Violence. London: Quartet Books .
27.
Mill, J.S. (1859/1974) On Liberty. London: Penguin.
28.
Mitchell, C. (1988) `The Intoxicated Offender: Refuting the Legal and Medical Myths', International Journal of Law and Psychiatry11(1): 77-103.
29.
Nicholas, S., C. Kershaw and A. Walker (2007) Crime in England and Wales 2006/07. London: Home Office.
30.
Olsaretti, S. (ed.) (2003) Desert and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31.
Potas, I. (1994) `Alcohol and Sentencing of Violent Offenders', in National Symposium on Alcohol Misuse and Violence: Report 6A. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service .
32.
Rashbaum, W.K. (2002) `Falling Crime in New York Defies Trend', New York Times, 22 May.