Abstract
This randomized controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of different heading training modalities—virtual reality (VR), soccer ball, lightweight ball, and their combinations—on heading accuracy and strength. A total of 64 participants were randomly assigned to five groups and underwent one session per week of heading training over an 8-week period. Heading accuracy and ball flight distance (proxy of heading strength) were assessed before and after the intervention. The VR, soccer ball, and combined (VR + soccer ball) groups demonstrated significant improvements in heading accuracy, whereas no such improvement was observed in the lightweight ball and control groups. In contrast, ball flight distance increased only in the soccer ball and combined groups. Neither VR nor lightweight ball training alone led to significant gains in ball flight distance. These findings suggest that VR training is effective for enhancing technical accuracy in a low-risk environment, but physical ball contact remains essential for developing power-related aspects of heading. The combined training group exhibited the most balanced improvements, highlighting the value of integrating perceptual-cognitive training with real-world physical feedback. This study provides evidence for the selective benefits of VR-based training and supports its implementation as a complementary tool within youth soccer development programs.
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