Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

In order to discover the variation of the traffic flow caused by lane change, the article analyzes the minimum safety distance and the lane change time between the lane change vehicle and the vehicles of the target lane based on the theory of vehicle lane change model and Bureau of Public Roads model. The influence time of lane change is determined by choosing two adjacent lanes as the research object according to the minimum safety distance of three kinds of combination. A model to describe the affected speed on lane 2 was established when the vehicle changed lane from 3 to 2 based on the measured data. The research results show that the speed of the target lane affected by the lane change is closely related to the volume of the adjacent two lanes and the acceleration of lane change vehicle. Then, while the more small acceleration of the lane change vehicle was, it would be more big variation traffic speed of the target lane. Finally, when the acceleration of the lane change is between 0.1 and 2.0 m/s², the influence is more serious than others.

Keywords

Traffic engineering dynamic variety model lane change influence time urban road

Introduction

Lane change is the common driving behavior of traffic flow, which involves the traffic characteristics of the driver’s feeling, perception, judgment, and operation. When the traffic density is low, it is beneficial for driver to obtain the desired speed and improve the efficiency of traffic. When traffic density is heavy, the opportunity to change lane is small. If the driver is forced to change lane, it will affect the speed of current and target lane, which is easy to result in traffic conflict and form potential traffic safety hazard.¹

Usually, we focus on the models of lane change and aim at different conditions such as lane change behavior decisions, safe distance, and lane change time by the method of simulation and experimental data analysis.^2–4 And the model to describe the impact of the lane change on traffic flow is rare. Similar research mainly focuses on the interference effects. For example, Jing et al.⁵ analyzed the relationship between the number of vehicles and traffic density. LY Wei⁶ analyzed the behavior of vehicles affected by the change lane of bus with the method of cellular automata model. S Oh⁷ investigated a variety state of traffic flow and found that it will affect the efficiency of the traffic flow and reduce traffic capacity of the downstream. Based on the measured data, HZ Xu⁸ established the influence speed model of traffic flow owing to lane change. W Yu⁹ analyzed the relationship between lane change and traffic congestion by using the traffic wave model. ML Wang¹⁰ established a lane change model based on fuzzy control theory and quantitatively analyzed the influence of different lane change times on the traffic flow through the simulation comparison. Some research shows that different accelerations, safe distances, and traffic condition of two adjacent lanes will lead to different effects on the target lane during the different condition of lane change.¹¹,¹²

Less studies can be found toward the analysis of lane change time, especially lack of the micro-changes characteristics of each lane under the influence of multifactor coupling while the existing studies mainly focus on the macro-change characteristics of traffic flow.

The article established a calculation model of lane change time through the theoretical analysis of the characteristics of safe distance. In addition, combining with the instance, we established a model to describe the dynamic variety traffic speed of a single lane influenced by lane change. It has been verified by simulation and reality that the model has some practical significance to research the characteristics of traffic safety and variation of the delay on motorized road in the future.

The model of the dynamic variety traffic speed affected by lane change

In order to study the variety performance of the vehicles affected by lane change, this article tries to use the theoretical method to find some related orderliness through analyzing the behavior of lane change. Because we mainly focus on the influence of target lane caused by lane change, this article neglects the distance of the vehicle back and forward, which plans to change lane. Some rules were made that the order number of the lane which is more close to the center of the road would be named 1, the next one should be 2, and so on. Figure 1 shows the initial position of the vehicles on lanes 2 and 3. In order to analyze the trajectory of vehicle, we establish a coordinate system and define left edge as X-axis and upward as Y-axis. As shown in Figure 1, O is the lane change vehicle on lane 1, C is the vehicle before it, D is the vehicle behind it, A is the front vehicle of the target lane, and B is the rear one of the target lane. W_O is the width of vehicle changing lane, W_A is the front vehicle’s width on target lane, W₁ is the width between the far left of O and the far right of A, W₂ is the width between the far left of O and the far left of A, W₃ is the width of target lane, L_A is the length of A, L_O is the length of O, and O₁ is the left anterior angle of O.

Figure 1.

The initial position of the vehicles.

Analysis of the safety distance characteristics between O and A

Trajectory of the vehicles O and A was shown in Figure 2. In order to elaborate the relationship between A and B, the vehicle has finished the process of lane change. Based on the coordinate system, this article assumes that the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the lane change vehicle are $x_{o} (t)$ and $y_{o} (t)$ , respectively, at one moment.

Figure 2.

The trajectory of the vehicles O and A.

The horizontal and vertical coordinates of A are $x_{A} (t)$ and $y_{A} (t)$ , respectively. Assuming that the moment while O₁ reaches the boundary between lanes 2 and 3 as $t_{adj} + t_{c}$ and $t_{adj}$ is the moment to start speeding up laterally, and $t_{c}$ is the duration time after acceleration. At the moment of $t_{adj} + t_{c}$ , O₁ crosses the horizontal line LA right of the vehicle A and assumes that they meet with the line LA at C. So $t_{adj} + t_{c}$ is the time when the lane change vehicle moves to C. Then, some equations can be drawn as follows

{\begin{matrix} w_{1} = w_{2} - w_{A} \\ x_{o} (t) = x_{A} (t) - L_{A} - w_{o} . \sin [θ (t)] \end{matrix}

(1)

where $θ (t)$ is the angle between the vehicle O and the horizontal direction at the moment $t_{adj} + t_{c}$ , which can be figure out as follows

θ (t) = arctg \frac{\partial y_{o} (t)}{\partial x_{o} (t)} = arctg \frac{\partial y_{o} (t) / t}{\partial x_{o} (t) / t} = arctg \frac{v_{lat} (t)}{v_{o} (t)}

(2)

and $w_{2} = y_{A} (t_{adj} + t_{c})$ and $w_{1} = y_{0} (t_{adj} + t_{c})$ . Substituting them into formula 1, we can get the equations as follows

{\begin{matrix} y_{o} (t_{adj} + t_{c}) = y_{A} (t_{adj} + t_{c}) - w_{A} \\ x_{o} (t) = x_{A} (t) - L_{A} - w_{O} . \sin [θ (t)] \end{matrix}

(3)

If $t \geq t_{adj} + t_{c}$ , when the lane change vehicle crosses the line LA, it easily leads to side collision with A. When the vehicle finishes the lane change, it easily leads to tailgating with A, so if $T \geq t \geq t_{adj} + t_{c}$ , it is dangerous for lane change vehicles. In order to avoid collision, they need to be satisfied with equations as follows

{\begin{matrix} y_{o} (t_{adj} + t_{c}) < y_{A} (t_{adj} + t_{c}) - w_{A} \\ x_{o} (t) < x_{A} (t) - L_{A} - w_{O} . \sin [θ (t)] \end{matrix}

(4)

Assuming the horizontal distance between the left front point of O₁ and the right rear point of A₃ as $S (t)$ , then we can calculate $S (t)$ as follows

S (t) = \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{λ} (a_{A} (τ) - a_{O} (τ)) d τ d λ + (v_{A} (0) - v_{O} (0)) t + S_{AO} (0) = S_{A} (t) - L_{A} - w_{o} . \sin [θ (T)] - S_{o} (t) + S_{AO} (o)

(5)

where $S_{AO} (0)$ is the initial longitudinal distance between the headstock of O and the tailstock of A at the moment ready to change lane. Other symbols are synonymous.

Therefore, if the collision of the lane change vehicle should be avoided, it must meet with two requirements, which is $S (t) > 0$ and $S_{AO} (0)$ , and should meet the minimum safe distance requirement.¹³ The formula is as follows

S_{AO} (0) = max {\int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{λ} (a_{O} (τ) - a_{A} (τ)) d τ dt + (v_{O} (0) - v_{A} (0)) t}

(6)

and $S_{A} (t) - L_{A} - w_{O} . \sin [θ (t)] - S_{o} (t) + S_{AO} (0) > 0$ .

Analysis of the safety distance characteristics between O and B

Similarly, in order to avoid friction or collision, the vehicle O must keep the minimum safe distance with B after changing lane; the position of each vehicle is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

The trajectory of the vehicles O and B.

Assuming the horizontal distance between the left rear point of O₂ and the right front point of B₂ as $S (t)$ , then

\begin{matrix} S (t) = \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{λ} (a_{O} (τ) - a_{B} (τ)) d τ d λ + (v_{O} (0) - v_{B} (0)) t + S_{BO} (0) \\ = x_{o} (t) + L_{o} \cos [θ (t)] + w_{O} . \sin (θ (t)) - x_{B} (t) + S_{BO} (0) \end{matrix}

(7)

where $S_{BO} (0)$ is the initial longitudinal distance between the headstock of O and the tailstock of B at the moment just ready to change lane. Other symbols are synonymous. Therefore, if the collision of the lane change vehicle should be avoided, it must meet with two requirements, which is $S (t) > 0$ and $S_{BO} (0)$ , and should meet the minimum safe distance requirement. The formula is as follows

S_{BO} (0) = max {\int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{λ} (a_{B} (τ) - a_{o} (τ)) d τ dt + (v_{B} (0) - v_{o} (0)) t} and x_{o} (t) + L_{o} \cos [θ (t)] + w_{O} . \sin [θ (t)] - x_{B} (t) + S_{BO} (0)

(8)

Analysis of influence time caused by the lane change vehicle

Related studies have shown that¹⁴ each driver has desirable speed during certain traffic density, which is related to vehicle’s mechanical performance, driver’s characteristics, speed limit rule, and so on. The vehicle will intend to change lane while the influence of slow one ahead leads to lower speed than expected within a certain range. Usually, the vehicle changes lane from lower speed lane to higher speed one, so this article mainly aims to this type and carries on some research.

From the analysis of formula (8), we can know that if we want to compute the safe distance between the lane change vehicle and target vehicle, we need to measure the speed and acceleration of them. But the actual measurement is difficult. In order to find the general rule of lane change, the article assumes that lane change vehicle is driving at a constant acceleration and other vehicles keep constant motion while changing lane.

The time for changing lane between O and A

The changing time is defined that there is a safe distance between O and A after changing. Figure 2 shows the trajectory of the vehicles O and A. We define $t_{0}$ as the beginning of changing lane, $t_{1}$ as the end time, $t_{a}$ as the time for changing, so $t_{a} = t_{1} - t_{0}$ . After changing O’s speed in accordance with those in target line, that is, $v_{o} (t) = v_{A} (t)$ , the time for accelerating is

t_{a} = \frac{v_{A} - v_{o}}{2 a_{o}}

(9)

where $a_{o}$ is acceleration of O, m/s²; $v_{A}$ is the speed of O after changing, m/s; and $v_{0}$ is the speed of O before changing, m/s. During this time $(t_{a})$ , O’s driving distance is

S_{o} = v_{o} t + \frac{1}{2} a_{o} t_{a}^{2}

(10)

and A’s driving distance is $S_{A} = v_{A} . t_{a} = v_{A} (t_{1} - t_{0})$ .

So the longitudinal distance between O and A after changing is

\begin{matrix} S (t) = v_{A} t_{a} - (v_{0} t_{a} + \frac{1}{2} a_{o} {t_{a}}^{2}) - w_{o} \sin θ (t) + S_{AO} (0) \\ = (- \frac{1}{2} a_{o}) t_{a}^{2} + (v_{A} - v_{O}) t_{a} + (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t)) \end{matrix}

(11)

If we avoid O not to collide with A, it must satisfy the condition $S (t) > 0$ , then

(- \frac{1}{2} a_{o}) t_{a}^{2} + (v_{A} - v_{O}) t_{a} + (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t)) > 0

(12)

Figure out in equation (12), then

t_{1, 2} = \frac{(v_{A} - v_{o}) \pm \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{o})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

\frac{(v_{A} - v_{o}) - \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{o})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{0} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

(13)

Because the usual value of $θ$ is about 3° ∼ 5° and $w_{o}$ is 1.5 m, $0.1 < w_{o} \sin θ (t) < 0.2$ .

Generally, $w_{o} \sin θ (t) < S_{AO} (0)$ . So $\frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) - \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} < 0$ , and when formula (13) is satisfied

0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

(14)

The time for changing lane between O and B

The changing time is defined that there is a safe distance between O and B after changing. Figure 3 shows the trajectory of the vehicles O and B. We defined $t_{0}$ as the beginning of changing lane, $t_{1}$ as the end time, $t_{a}$ as the time for changing, so $t_{a} = t_{1} - t_{0}$ . After changing O’s speed in accordance with those in target line, that is, $v_{o} (t) = v_{B} (t)$ , the time for accelerating is

t_{a} = \frac{v_{B} - v_{o}}{2 a_{o}}

(15)

During this time $(t_{a})$ , O’s driving distance is

S_{o} = v_{o} t + \frac{1}{2} a_{o} t_{a}^{2}

(16)

and B’s driving distance is $S_{B} = v_{B} . t_{a} = v_{B} (t_{1} - t_{0})$ .

So the longitudinal distance between O and B after changing is

S (t) = - v_{B} t_{a} + (v_{0} t_{a} + \frac{1}{2} a_{o} t_{a}^{2}) + w_{o} \sin θ (t) - S_{BO} (0) = (\frac{1}{2} a_{o}) t_{a}^{2} - (v_{B} - v_{O}) t_{a} - (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))

(17)

If we avoid O not to collide with B, it must satisfy the condition $S (t) > 0$ , that is

(\frac{1}{2} a_{o}) t_{a}^{2} - (v_{B} - v_{O}) t_{a} - (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t) > 0)

(18)

Figure out in equation (18), then

t_{1, 2} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{o}) \pm \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{o})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

t_{a} > \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} or t_{a} < \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) - \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

(19)

Generally, $w_{o} \sin θ (t) < S_{BO} (0)$ . So $\frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) - \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} < 0$ , and when formula (19) is satisfied

t_{a} > \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

(20)

The time influenced by the lane change

From the analysis above, we know that in order to avoid collision between O and A, the time for changing is required to satisfy the formula as follows: $0 < t_{a}^{A} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$ , where $t_{a}^{A}$ is the changing time that can ensure minimum safe distance between O and A after changing. That is to say, it should be as short as possible and not go beyond the threshold, so that O can avoid rear-end collision with A. For O and B, it requires $t_{a}^{B} > \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$ , where $t_{a}^{B}$ is the changing time that can ensure minimum safe distance between O and B after changing. It should be as long as possible and greater than the limit so that they can avoid collision.

When the vehicle changes from lane 3 to lane 2, if B leaves far enough from O, we can neglect the influence between them and just need to meet the longest changing time of A. If A is far enough from O, we also can neglect the influence between them, and only need to meet the shortest change time of B. If the distance between A and B, and the lane change vehicle O, is moderate, then the influence of them should be considered.

Based on the analysis of the actual data, we find that the vast majority of vehicles consider the front vehicle on the target lane as the object priority. So, this article first studies the situation, which meets the requirement of the vehicle A, where

0 < t_{a}^{A} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}

If we want to meet the requirement of B at the same time, it needs $t_{a}^{B} > \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$ . We assume that the vehicles’ transport condition on the target lane is consistent, that is, $v_{B} = v_{A}$ , and consider different minimum safe distances and suggest vehicles are changed with the same acceleration $a_{o}$ .

$S_{AO} (0) = S_{BO} (0)$

The limits of $t_{a}^{A}$ and $t_{a}^{B}$ are the same. In order to change the lane successfully, the lane change vehicle needs to satisfy $t_{a} \in (t_{a}^{A} \cap t_{a}^{B}) = \emptyset$ . It is the critical point to determine whether O affects A or B.

2. $S_{AO} (0) > S_{BO} (0)$

The limit of $t_{a}^{A}$ is greater than $t_{a}^{B}$ . In order to meet the requirement for changing lane, there may be varieties of types, so we analyze with different time caused by lane change.

(a) $\frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} < t_{a} \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$

That is, O satisfies the shortest changing time $t_{a} \in (t_{a}^{A} \cap t_{a}^{B})$ , where there is no influence on A or B.

(b) $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$

At this situation, the vehicle O can meet the safe change requirement with A, but it will impact B. The influential time is

T_{effect of lane change} = t_{a}^{B} - t_{a} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}

(21)

where $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$ .

If the vehicle O meets the safe changing requirement with B, it will fail to meet with A. It means O will collide with A; thus, we do not consider this state.

3. $S_{AO} (0) < S_{BO} (0)$

The limit of $t_{a}^{A}$ is less than $t_{a}^{B}$ . In order to meet the requirement for changing lane, there are various types. So, we analyze with different time caused by lane change.

(a) $\frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$

It can meet the requirement of A and B for changing lane at the same time. Vehicle O needs to satisfy the shortest changing time $t_{a} \in (t_{a}^{A} \cap t_{a}^{B}) \emptyset$ , but this situation is impossible because the intersection is an empty set.

(b) $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$

If vehicle O wants to change the lane to the point of A successfully while there is clearance between them, the vehicle B must slow down, follow, or stop to wait. Thus, the vehicle changing lane will have an effect on B. The influential time is

T_{effect of lane change} = t_{a}^{B} - t_{a} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}

(22)

where $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}$

If the vehicle O wants to change the lane to the point of B successfully while there is clearance between them, the vehicle O should fail to meet the safe changing requirement with B. It means O will collide with B; thus, we do not consider this state.

To sum up, the effect of the lane change vehicle O on the vehicles A and B can be expressed as

T_{effect of lane change} = t_{a}^{B} - t_{a} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{{(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}

(23)

In the formula,

{\begin{matrix} 0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{o}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{o})}^{2} + 2 a_{0} (S_{BO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}, S_{AO} (0) > S_{BO} (0) \\ 0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{o}) + \sqrt{{(v_{A} - v_{o})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} (S_{AO} (0) - w_{o} \sin θ (t))}}{a_{o}}, S_{AO} (0) < S_{BO} (0) \end{matrix} .

Relevant research¹⁵ indicates that the minimum safe distance between the lane change vehicle and the vehicle A on the target lane is

S_{AO} (0) = - \frac{{(v_{A} - v_{o})}^{2}}{2 a_{o}} + L_{A} + w_{o} \sin θ (t)

(24)

Analyzing formula (24), we can know that the value of $S_{AO} (0)$ is $[0, L_{A} + w_{o} \sin θ (t)]$ , and the minimum safe distance between O and B is

S_{BO} (0) = \frac{{(v_{B} - v_{o})}^{2}}{2 a_{o}} + L_{B} + w_{o} \sin θ (t)

(25)

Analyzing formula (25), we can know that the value of $S_{BO} (0)$ is $[L_{B} + w_{o} \sin θ (t), + \infty]$ . Since this article assumes that the vehicles’ transport condition in the target lane is consistent, the vehicle O is the same type as the vehicle on target lane, so it means $v_{B} = v_{A}$ and $L_{A} = L_{O}$ . Then, $S_{AO} (0) < L_{BO} (0)$ ; obviously, the condition is impossible. Thus, if the vehicle O has clearance with B, it will have an impact on B. So, the influential time is

T_{effect of lane change} = t_{a}^{B} - t_{a} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{2 {(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} L_{B}}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}

(26)

where $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{A} - v_{o}) + \sqrt{2 a_{o} L_{A}}}{a_{o}}$ .

Application of the model

Introduction

Choose Zhongshan South Road which is an arterial road with two-way six lanes in Nanjing city of China as the research object for data collection and analysis. To facilitate the unified research, this article defines the number rule of the lane. The lane closest to the center line of the main road is 1, then the number is 2 and 3, respectively, as shown in Figure 4. There are four ways to change the lane: lane 1 to lane 2, lane 2 to lane 3, lane 3 to lane 2, and lane 2 to lane 1. From the investigation, we find the type that the vehicle change lane from lane 3 to lane 2 is more frequent, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4.

Schematic diagram of the number of Zhongshan Road.

Figure 5.

The changing times of each way.

Table 1 shows comparison of lane change time and analysis of four types. It can be seen that the mean value of time while vehicle change from lane 1 to lane 2 is minimum and it is maximum while from lane 3 to lane 2. The maximum time is 3.23 s from lane 1 to lane 2, but 11.00 s from lane 3 to lane 2. It suggests when from lane 1 to lane 2 changing lane is freedom so spend relatively short time. However, from lane 3 to lane 2, because of lane change condition does not include all, vehicles will implement forced changing so that it needs a long time. Thus, this article mainly studies the model that the vehicle changing lane impacts lane 2 traffic flow.

Table 1.

Comparison and analysis of time eigenvalues for four types of lane change.

Type	Time
Type	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard deviation	Variance
Lane 1-2	26	0.6500	3.2300	1.755038	0.5545072	0.307
Lane 2-1	50	1.2660	5.6350	2.176200	0.8217266	0.675
Lane 2-3	74	1.0380	7.5290	2.424635	1.3525162	1.829
Lane 3-2	144	0.9450	11.0000	3.004736	1.3494604	1.821

The model to describe the variety speed in the city of China

This article takes 1 min as observation time interval and takes each lane as the research object, and set up velocity–volume model through data analysis and arrangement: $V = \frac{v_{0}}{[1 + 1.390 {(q_{2} / c_{2})}^{0.540}]}$ for lane 2 and $V = \frac{v_{0}}{[1 + 1.909 {(q_{3} / c_{3})}^{0.418}]}$ for lane 3.

Related studies have shown that,¹⁶ vehicle’s speed after affected is closely related to the social vehicles’ initial velocity, impact time and the distance between the location of the parking vehicles began to slow and entrance. And it can be described as $v = - 2.031 + 0.842 v_{J} - 0.04 T_{y} + 0.101 \bar{s}$ . Through the data analysis, we found that the average speed of society vehicles is closely related to traffic and its lane change rule can use BPR (Bureau of Public Roads) function model to describe,¹⁷ when the road conditions and traffic conditions are generally identical. If it substitutes other data for $v_{J}$ , $T_{y}$ , and $\bar{s}$ in the model, it can also reflect the lane change rule.

Because this article assumes that the vehicle changes from low speed way to high speed way, and that there is no reduction behavior after finishing changing, the S value is 0. When the vehicle changes from lane 3 to lane 2, the model that lane change vehicle impact vehicles on target lane 2 can be described as $v = - 2.031 + 0.842 v_{2} - 0.04 [\frac{(v_{2} - v_{3}) + \sqrt{2 {(v_{2} - v_{3})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} L_{b}}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}]$ , where $L_{b}$ is the length of lane change vehicle, its value is usually 5 m; $θ (t)$ is the angle in the lane change process, normally 3° ∼ 5°; $t_{a}$ is changing time for the front vehicle in target lane, $0 < t_{a} < \frac{(v_{2} - v_{3}) + \sqrt{2 a_{o} L_{b}}}{a_{o}}$ ; Other symbols are synonymous. Substituting into formula (27), we got the influential model as follows

v = - 2.031 + \frac{0.842 v_{0}}{1 + 1.39 {(q_{3} / c_{3})}^{0.54}} - 0.04 [\frac{\frac{v_{0}}{1 + 1.39 {(q_{2} / c_{2})}^{0.54}} - \frac{v_{0}}{1 + 1.909 {(q_{3} / c_{3})}^{0.418}}}{a_{o}} + \frac{\sqrt{2 {(\frac{v_{0}}{1 + 1.39 {(q_{2} / c_{2})}^{0.54}} - \frac{v_{0}}{1 + 1.909 {(q_{3} / c_{3})}^{0.418}})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} L_{b}}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}]

(27)

Sensitivity analysis of the model

Select Zhongshan South Road in Nanjing city in China as an example. We take further sensitivity analysis on the influence of vehicles’ various speed by using established influence model. Then, we analyze the mechanism of influence further while the vehicle changes lane.

Suppose traffic volume of lane 2 is from 100 to 400 pcu/h and lane 3 is 500 pcu/h, the vehicle tries to change from lane 3 to lane 2. Figure 6 compared velocity on lane 2 before and after. It can be seen that lane change caused vehicles slow down; meanwhile, if the volume of lane 2 increases, then amplitude of speed change will be reduced. It is accordance with the actual situation and proves that model is accurate.

Figure 6.

Comparison of velocity in lane 2 before and after the change.

Figures 7 –12 show the speed of vehicles on lane 2 affected by change from lane 3 to lane 2. The acceleration in the diagram is 0.01 to 4.0 m/s². So, some conclusions can be drawn as follows:

When traffic volume of changing lane is 500 and 600 pcu/h and target lane is 0 and 500 pcu/h, or when the former’s traffic volume is 100 and 200 pcu/h and the latter’s is 1000 and 1500 pcu/h, the lane change with different acceleration had a greater influence on the velocity of vehicles on target lane.

The smaller the acceleration, the greater the change of speed. On the contrary, the larger the acceleration, the smaller the change of speed.

Figure 7.

Change in velocity (0.1 m/s²).

Figure 8.

Change in velocity (0.5 m/s²).

Figure 9.

Change in velocity (1.0 m/s²).

Figure 10.

Change in velocity (2.0 m/s²).

Figure 11.

Change in velocity (3.0 m/s²).

Figure 12.

Change in velocity (4.0 m/s²).

Conclusion

The speed of the target lane affected by the lane change is closely related to the volume of the adjacent two lanes, and the acceleration of lane change vehicle and the influential time can be calculated as follows: $T_{effect of lane change} = t_{a}^{B} - t_{a} = \frac{(v_{B} - v_{O}) + \sqrt{2 {(v_{B} - v_{O})}^{2} + 2 a_{o} L_{B}}}{a_{o}} - t_{a}$ . When the volume of the lane was from 500 to 600 pcu/h while the target lane was from 0 to 500 pcu/h or when the volume of the lane was from 100 to 300 pcu/h while the target lane was from 1000 to 1500 pcu/h, the speed of the target was deeply affected by the lane change. While the more small acceleration of the lane change vehicle was, it would be more big variation traffic speed of the target lane. Finally, when the acceleration of the lane change is between 0.1 and 2.0 m/s², the influence is more serious than others.

Footnotes

Handling Editor: Seung-Bok Choi

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51408322) and the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (51638004).

ORCID iDs

Shejun Deng

Xiaofei Ye

References

Sun

Kondyli

Modeling vehicle interactions during lane change behavior on arterial streets. Comp Aided Civil Infrastruct Eng 2010; 25: 557–571.

Nagel

Schreckenber

A cellular automaton model for freeway traffic. J Physique I 1992; 12: 2221–2229.

Hua

Wang

A two-lane cellular automaton traffic flow model with the influence of driving psychology. J Phys 2011; 8: 404–411.

Wang

Liu

Zhang

ZX.

Double-head car-following and lane change combined model. J Southeast Univ 2015; 45: 985–989.

Jing

Deng

Wang

Two-lane cellular automaton traffic flow model based on car-following behavior. J Phys 2012; 61: 244502.

Wei

Wang

ZL.

Lane change behavior based on mixed traffic flow. J Jilin Univ 2014; 44: 1321–1326.

Yeo

Impact of stop-and-go waves and lane changes on discharge rate in recovery flow. Transport Res Part B 2015; 77: 88–102.

Cheng

Pei

YL.

Study on effect of lane change behavioral characteristic to velocity. Sci Paper Online 2010; 5: 754–762.

Research on relationship between lane change and reason of traffic congestion. Chengdu, China: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2013.

10.

Wang

ML.

Analysis of the influence of vehicle lane change behavior on traffic flow. Changchun, China: Jilin University, 2016.

11.

Vadim

Petros

Personalized driver/vehicle lane change models for ADAS. IEEE Trans Vehic Tech 2015; 64: 4422–4431.

12.

Talebpoura

Mahmassania

Hamdarb

SH.

Modeling lane-changing behavior in a connected environment: a game theory approach. Transport Res Part C 2015; 7: 216–232.

13.

Guo

WL.

Study on lane changing safety spacing model of the urban road. Master’s Thesis, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China, 2009.

14.

Chen

Ding

. A model study and simulation of lane changing based on driving behaviors. J China Jiaotong Univ 2011; 28: 68–72.

15.

Luo

et al . Lane change model based on minimum safety distance. J Guangxi Normal Univ 2011; 29: 1–5.

16.

Deng

Chen

A model to describe the influence of the traffic flow on the main road due to off-street parking at the section of access. J Harbin Inst Tech 2016; 48: 101–107.

17.

Deng

SJ.

The research of the impact of the entering vehicles on the entrance of parking lots. Nanjing, China: Southeast University, 2014.

A dynamic variety model to describe the traffic flow of target lane affected by lane change on urban road

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

The model of the dynamic variety traffic speed affected by lane change

Analysis of the safety distance characteristics between O and A

Analysis of the safety distance characteristics between O and B

Analysis of influence time caused by the lane change vehicle

The time for changing lane between O and A

The time for changing lane between O and B

The time influenced by the lane change

Application of the model

Introduction

The model to describe the variety speed in the city of China

Sensitivity analysis of the model

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References