Indicators for Assessing Folate and Vitamin B 12 Status and for Monitoring the Efficacy of Intervention Strategies

Abstract

Deficiencies of folate or of vitamin B₁₂ are widespread and constitute a major global burden of morbidity affecting all age groups. Detecting or confirming the presence of folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and distinguishing one from the other depends, ultimately, on laboratory testing. Tests to determine the presence of folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency are used singly or in combination to establish the nutritional status and prevalence of deficiencies of the vitamins in various populations. The efficacy of interventions through the use of fortification or supplements is monitored using the same laboratory tests. Tests currently in use have limitations that can be either technical or have a biological basis. Consequently, each single test cannot attain perfect sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value. Laboratory indicators of vitamin B₁₂ or folate status involve measurement of either the total or a physiologically relevant fraction of the vitamin in a compartment such as the blood. Thus, assays to measure vitamin B₁₂ or folate in plasma or serum as well as folate in red blood cells are in widespread use, and more recently, methods to measure vitamin B₁₂ associated with the plasma binding protein transcobalamin (holotranscobalamin) have been developed. Alternatively, levels of surrogate biochemical markers that reflect the metabolic function of the vitamin can be used. Surrogates most commonly used are plasma homocysteine, for detection of either vitamin B₁₂ or folate deficiency and methylmalonic acid for detection of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency. The general methods as well as their uses, indications, and limitations are presented.