Culinary Medicine Training in Core Medical School Curriculum Improved Medical Student Nutrition Knowledge and Confidence in Providing Nutrition Counseling

Abstract

Background: Elective culinary medicine education has become popular to help fill important gaps in physician nutrition training. The implementation and outcomes among the inaugural cohort of medical students who received culinary medicine training as a required component of medical school curriculum at the University of Maryland School of Medicine are described. Methods: Following a series of elective pilot sessions, culinary medicine training was provided to all first-year medical students in the 2019-2020 academic year. The 3-hour training included evidence-based nutrition lecture, cooking simple recipes, and group discussion of the application to personal and patient care. Pre-/postsession questionnaires assessed nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as nutritional counseling confidence. Paired t-tests estimated mean differences in outcomes pre- and posttraining. Qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. Results: Overall, 119 of 125 (95.2%) students provided pre- and posttraining outcomes data. All nutritional and patient counseling outcomes improved (P < .05). Themes of being better prepared to address healthy eating barriers in patient care and personal ability to make healthy dietary changes were noted in qualitative analysis. Conclusion: One session of culinary medicine training in core medical student curriculum was feasible and improved medical student nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes and confidence in patient nutrition counseling.

Keywords

culinary medicine nutrition education Mediterranean diet plant-based diet paleolithic diet low-fat diet low-carbohydrate diet

‘. . . current medical practice and education do not adequately reflect the important role of the physician in nutritional aspects of patient care.’

The 2019 Global Burden Disease Study of 195 countries revealed that poor diet quality is the greatest risk factor for mortality, surpassing even the health burden of smoking.^1-3 It has been estimated that 20% of deaths worldwide could potentially be prevented with improved dietary habits, highlighting the global need for improved dietary education and intervention.¹ A great deal of nutrition research has accordingly focused on dietary approaches to reduce the risk and mitigate the symptoms of chronic disease. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized control trials have revealed that a variety of dietary approaches, including low-fat, low-carbohydrate, plant-based, paleolithic, and Mediterranean diets, can improve lipid profiles; decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure; reduce markers of inflammation; lower weight among obese and overweight adults; reduce the risk of cancers, cognitive decline, and frailty; lower cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, and decrease risk of all-cause mortality.^4-13

Despite this extensive evidence base supporting numerous dietary approaches to help mitigate the burden of chronic disease, current medical practice and education do not adequately reflect the important role of the physician in nutritional aspects of patient care. Only 29% of US medical schools met the minimum 25 hours of required nutrition education.¹⁴ On average, medical students receive only 19 hours of nutrition training over their 4 years in medical school. Furthermore, the majority of the curricular hours in most institutions in the United States emphasize nutritional biochemistry and nutrient-deficiency disorders, which while important, do not address the pressing needs of chronic disease prevention and management in clinical care.^15-17 This dilemma persists into residency and fellowship training, where nutrition education is either minimal or completely absent. Nutrition education is not included in the 2018 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Common Program Requirements for residency and fellowship.^15,17,18 The trend of meager incorporation of nutrition into medical practice continues with practicing physicians. A 2017 survey of cardiologists revealed that the majority of participating physicians felt that their nutrition training was inadequate (90%) and that such training was a personal responsibility (95%).¹⁹

A number of barriers to improving nutrition education in medical training have been identified. These include a perceived lack of interest and expertise among faculty members in nutrition, few opportunities created for nutritional counseling during clinical years, and a general lack of curricular priority for nutrition training.²⁰ Medical students across the globe, including in the United States, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, consequently do not perceive themselves to have adequate nutrition knowledge and confidence in nutrition counseling.²¹ Interest in nutrition has been shown to be high among incoming medical students, but often wanes by the time of graduation^22,23. This is likely attributable in part to the fact that medical students receive limited clinically relevant nutrition education in the core curriculum and their preceptors rarely include nutritional interventions into care plans throughout their training.

Culinary medicine, which combines evidence-based nutritional education with experiential group cooking instruction based on the lecture, has become increasingly popular at medical schools across the United States to help fill these training gaps. Medical students who received experiential culinary medicine education at numerous academic medical institutions, including Tulane University, Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Southern California, UT Southwestern, and Texas Tech University among others, have demonstrated improvements in nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes for both patient care and self-care as well as improved personal dietary habits.^24-36 In light of the promise of these findings across numerous institutions, a culinary medicine curriculum for health care professionals has been published recently.³⁷

While promising and serving as the inspiration for this study, most culinary medicine training is offered on an elective basis and no data have been published on culinary medicine as part of the core medical student curriculum to the authors’ knowledge. This article reports on the implementation, curricular content, and mixed methods outcomes evaluation from the first cohort of first-year medical students at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) receiving culinary medicine as a component of core medical student curriculum.

Methods

Pilot and Implementation Process of Incorporating Culinary Medicine Training Into Core Medical Student Curriculum

In light of the challenge of securing new educational content into the core curriculum of most medical schools, the culinary medicine training was first piloted in the 2018-2019 academic year on an elective, noncredit basis among a group of 12 second- and third-year medical students interested in nutrition.

Two sessions were offered to the medical students participating in the pilot training. Each session was 3 hours in length and was offered at the teaching kitchen of the Institute for Integrative Health, a community-based nonprofit in Baltimore that had previously been involved in nutrition research.^38-42 The training featured evidence-based nutrition instruction, group cooking of recipes based on the concepts of the lecture, and eating the prepared meals together while discussing the potential application of the training to both patient care and the students’ self-care.

The lecture featured a practical overview of nutrients and foods that contain them, an introduction to the concept of “nutrient density” that can accommodate many seemingly conflicting popular dietary approaches (eg, Mediterranean, low-fat, low-carbohydrate, plant-based, paleolithic), practical methods to overcome barriers to healthy eating, and a focus on published evidence on plant-based and paleolithic diets. Plant-based and paleolithic diets were selected for the pilot due to both the popularity and the many misconceptions and perceived conflicts among these 2 dietary approaches. As a demonstration of the core commonalities among the seemingly conflicting popular diets when approached through a more unifying lens of nutrient density, one of the two meals that was cooked in the pilot training (consisting of portobello mushrooms steaks, cauliflower fried rice, and chocolate avocado mousse) satisfied the tenets of both plant-based and paleolithic approaches.

The pilot culinary medicine training was well-received by participating students and the positive feedback was conveyed by several of the medical students who had participated to the course directors of the Introduction to Clinical Medicine courses in the core curriculum at UMSOM. This student advocacy was accompanied by faculty advocacy, including a presentation by the faculty leader of the culinary medicine training to the UMSOM Medical Education Committee describing the evidence supporting culinary medicine at other institutions, the content of the culinary medicine pilot training, and the positive reception of the training that had been noted among participating medical students at UMSOM.

This multifaceted student and faculty advocacy culminated in a decision to offer 2 sessions of culinary medicine for first-year medical students in the Introduction to Clinical Medicine course during the 2019-2020 academic year.

Delivery and Content of Culinary Medicine Training in Core Medical Student Curriculum

A single 3-hour culinary medicine training session was offered in the first few weeks of the first-year medical student core curriculum. The structure of this culinary medicine training was identical to that of the successful pilot training. The session consisted of evidence-based nutrition lecture, followed by group cooking of 3 recipes based on the lecture content, followed by eating the meal together and group discussion on the potential applications of the training to patient care and self-care.

The 125 first-year medical students at UMSOM were split into 5 separate classes of 25 students for the culinary medicine training. The lecture was provided to all students in each class as a group. Students cooked in groups of 5 students. This class and cooking group size was deemed to be feasible to accommodate the footprint and equipment of the teaching kitchen (see Figure 1) and to allow for an environment conducive for active participation in group discussion.

Figure 1.

Layout of the teaching kitchen at the Institute for Integrative Health where culinary medicine training was offered.

The 1-hour lecture was provided by the UMSOM faculty lead of the culinary medicine training and included basic concepts of human nutrition (macronutrients, micronutrients, etc), introduction to the concept nutrient density as a unifying approach to accommodate the supportive evidence of numerous seemingly conflicting popular diets, practical ways to address common barriers to healthy eating (eg, time, taste, and cost), and a specific focus on Mediterranean diets. The Mediterranean diets lecture content included description of the philosophy, practical implementation, common misconceptions, and clinical evidence supporting this dietary approach. Mediterranean diets were chosen as the focus for the session due to the abundance of evidence in systematic reviews and meta-analyses supporting human health, the previous success with this dietary approach in an elective medical student course at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,³⁵ as well as the relatively high compliance of the diet noted in systematic reviews among adults and children,^43,44 making it a feasible option for both the medical students and their future patients.

Following the lecture, students then split into groups of 5 to prepare a 3-course meal inspired by the particular dietary approach of focus. A basic cooking primer, including kitchen safety, kitchen tools introduction, and knife skills was provided in the first session prior to the preparation of the meals. The cooking instruction was led by personnel from the UMSOM, the Institute for Integrative Health, and Maryland University of Integrative Health. In light of the importance of cost as a barrier to healthy eating among students^45-48 and the disproportionately high burden of diet- and lifestyle-related chronic disease among economically underserved^49-54 patients that many of the students would ultimately be treating, the cost of the meal (consisting primarily of frozen salmon, vegetables, and berries) was less than $10.

After the meals were prepared, the students then reassembled as a full group to eat meals together and participate in group discussion with the UMSOM faculty leader of the training to discuss their experiences with the training and potential applications to clinical and self-care. In order to provide visual context, Figure 2 provides pictures of the medical students cooking in the teaching kitchen, a meal that was prepared by a student, and the group discussion with UMSOM faculty.

Figure 2.

Photographs of a medical student pilot session, cooking instruction, medical students cooking, group discussion and eating together, and a meal that a medical student prepared.

Outcomes Evaluation

Approval was obtained by the institutional review board of the UMSOM to conduct a mixed-methods outcomes evaluation of the first year of core curriculum culinary medicine training.

Pre- and posttraining quantitative questionnaires and open-ended qualitative questions were administered to all 125 first-year medical students. Two additional survey questions reflecting on the applicability of the culinary medicine training to patient care and self-care, with open-ended options to elaborate, were asked only at the posttraining assessment.

The questionnaires assessed a variety of nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as specific understanding of the evidence and application of the Mediterranean diets that were the dietary approach of focus of the session. Students were also asked how prepared they felt to help patients overcome 5 common barriers to healthy eating: lack of confidence in ability to prepare healthy food, overcoming food cravings, challenge of eating healthy on a budget, perception of insufficient time to eat healthy, and palatability of eating healthy without excessive added sugar or salt. All questionnaire and qualitative responses were deidentified prior to statistical analysis.

Statistical Methods

Surveys were scored on a 1 to 5 Likert-type scale for the various preparation, knowledge, and confidence domains that were assessed (eg, “very prepared,” “prepared,” “somewhat prepared,” “not prepared,” “not at all prepared”).

Student responses were deidentified and pre- and postsession responses to each question were compared. Paired t-tests were employed to estimate mean differences in pre-/postsession outcomes. Folded F tests were utilized to compare the pre-/postsession variance in outcomes to evaluate potential changes in the discrepancies in baseline nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes and patient nutrition counseling confidence on entering medical school.

Survey responses were also collapsed into dichotomous preparation, knowledge, and confidence categories (eg, “at least somewhat knowledgeable” [consisting of “very knowledgeable,” “knowledgeable,” and “somewhat knowledgeable”] vs. “not knowledgeable” [consisting of “not at all knowledgeable” and “not knowledgeable”].

This dichotomous categorization of the study outcomes was in accordance with the goal of this brief 3-hour training to provide basic knowledge, preparation, and confidence in nutrition counseling and self-care, with opportunities for further development in additional culinary medicine training currently being offered in subsequent years of medical school. The pre-/posttraining relative risk (RR) of being at least somewhat knowledgeable, confident, or prepared was calculated for each survey question.

Statistical significance was defined as P < .05. All statistical analyses were performed in SAS Version 9.4.1 (SAS Institute). Qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

Pre– and post–culinary medicine training outcomes data were collected from 119 of 125 (95.2%) UMSOM first-year students. The class was 61.4% female, 56.6% White, 26.2% Asian, 11.7% Black or African American, and 5.5% other race/not reported, and mean age 23.8 years.

The pre– and post–culinary medicine training questionnaire responses and statistical comparison of mean changes are provided in Table 1. Statistically significant improvements were noted in mean scores of all survey questions, spanning the entirety of the nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as patient nutrition counseling confidence that were assessed (P < .0001). There was also a statistically significant decrease in the variance of all survey questions after the culinary medicine training (P < .02), reflecting a reduction in the baseline disparity in nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes and patient nutrition counseling confidence among incoming medical students.

Table 1.

Questions Assessing Perceived Nutrition Preparation, Confidence, and Knowledge in Clinical Care.

Question	Pretraining (n = 119)		Posttraining (n = 125)		P ^a
Question	Frequency (%)	Mean (SD)	Frequency (%)	Mean (SD)	P ^a
How prepared do you feel you are to provide healthy eating recommendations to patients in clinical care?
Very prepared	6 (5.0)	3.25 (0.83)	15 (12.0)	3.78 (0.67)	<.0001
Prepared	40 (33.6)		69 (55.2)
Somewhat prepared	52 (43.7)		39 (31.2)
Not prepared	20 (16.8)		2 (1.6)
Not at all prepared	1 (0.8)		0 (0.0)
How confident are you in your ability to make healthy dietary recommendations that accommodate varying patient food preferences?
Very confident	3 (2.5)	2.9 (0.87)	9 (7.2)	3.6 (0.70)	<.0001
Confident	22 (18.5)		59 (47.2)
Somewhat confident	57 (47.9)		51 (40.8)
Not confident	30 (25.2)		6 (4.8)
Not at all confident	7 (5.9)		0 (0.0)
How knowledgeable are you with the clinical evidence, practical application, and misconceptions surrounding popular diets?
Very knowledgeable	5 (4.2)	2.82 (0.89)	15 (12.0)	3.61 (0.71)	<.0001
Knowledgeable	17 (14.3)		55 (44.0)
Somewhat knowledgeable	54 (45.4)		46 (36.8)
Not knowledgeable	37 (31.1)		9 (7.2)
Not at all knowledgeable	6 (5.0)		0 (0.0)
How knowledgeable are you with the clinical evidence, practical applications, and misconceptions of the Mediterranean diet, in particular?
Very knowledgeable	2 (1.7)	2.26 (0.90)	15 (12.0)	3.74 (0.69)	<.0001
Knowledgeable	7 (5.9)		66 (52.8)
Somewhat knowledgeable	34 (28.6)		41 (32.8)
Not knowledgeable	53 (44.5)		3 (2.4)
Not at all knowledgeable	23 (19.3)		0 (0.0)

P values determined by paired t tests.

No medical students reported being “not at all” knowledgeable, prepared, or confident in any of the nutrition domains assessed after the culinary medicine training, as contrasted with 4.7% of responses of being “not at all” knowledgeable, prepared, or confident prior to the training. Questions assessing preparation to address common barriers to healthy eating among patients are provided in Table 2. Table 3 provides the frequencies of the dichotomous outcomes as well as the RR of being at least somewhat knowledgeable, prepared, or confident after the culinary medicine training. There was an increased pre-/posttraining RR of being at least somewhat knowledgeable, prepared, or confident in each of the nutrition domains that were assessed (RR > 1.83, P < .0001).

Table 2.

Questions Assessing Preparation to Address Common Barriers to Healthy Eating Among Patients.

How prepared do you feel you are to help patients overcome the following common barriers to healthy eating:	Pretraining (n = 119)		Posttraining (n = 125)		P ^a
	Frequency (%)	Mean (SD)	Frequency (%)	Mean (SD)	P ^a
1. Lack of patient confidence in ability to prepare healthy food
Very prepared	2 (1.7)	2.95 (0.80)	13 (10.4)	3.70 (0.70)	<.0001
Prepared	26 (21.8)		65 (52.0)
Somewhat prepared	58 (48.7)		43 (34.4)
Not prepared	30 (25.2)		4 (3.2)
Not at all prepared	3 (2.5)		0 (0.0)
2. Unwillingness to give up unhealthy foods that the patient craves
Very prepared	2 (1.7)	2.91 (0.91)	12 (9.6)	3.65 (0.71)	<.0001
Prepared	32 (26.9)		62 (49.6)
Somewhat prepared	45 (37.8)		46 (36.8)
Not prepared	34 (28.6)		5 (4.0)
Not at all prepared	6 (5.0)		0 (0.0)
3. Belief that eating healthy on a budget is impossible
Very prepared	9 (7.6)	3.27 (0.92)	14 (11.2)	3.67 (0.74)	.0002
Prepared	41 (34.5)		62 (49.6)
Somewhat prepared	44 (37.0)		43 (34.4)
Not prepared	23 (19.3)		6 (4.8)
Not at all Prepared	2 (1.7)		0 (0.0)
4. Perception of insufficient time to eat healthy
Very prepared	6 (5.0)	3.16 (0.86)	21 (16.8)	3.79 (0.74)	<.0001
Prepared	35 (29.4)		60 (48.0)
Somewhat prepared	52 (43.7)		41 (32.8)
Not prepared	24 (20.2)		3 (2.4)
Not at all prepared	2 (1.7)		0 (0.0)
5. Flavor enhancement without excessive sugar or salt
Very prepared	9 (7.6)	3.13 (0.90)	21 (16.8)	3.76 (0.78)	<.0001
Prepared	29 (24.4)		58 (46.4)
Somewhat prepared	49 (41.2)		41 (32.8)
Not prepared	32 (26.9)		5 (4.0)
Not at all prepared	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)

P values determined by paired t tests.

Table 3.

Relative Risk of Medical Students Reporting Being at Least Somewhat Knowledgeable/Confident/Prepared in Nutritional Domains Before and After Culinary Medicine Training.

Question	Relative risk at least somewhat knowledgeable/confident/prepared	95% confidence interval	P ^a
How prepared do you feel you are to provide healthy eating recommendations to patients in clinical care?	2.06	[1.70, 2.50]	<.0001
How confident are you in your ability to make healthy dietary recommendations that accommodate varying patient food preferences?	2.11	[1.71, 2.59]	<.0001
How knowledgeable are you with the clinical evidence, practical application, and misconceptions surrounding popular diets?	2.09	[1.69, 2.59]	<.0001
How knowledgeable are you with the clinical evidence, practical applications, and misconceptions of the Mediterranean diet, in particular?	3.69	[2.84, 4.79]	<.0001
How prepared do you feel you are to help patients overcome the following common barriers to healthy eating:
1. Lack of patient confidence in ability to prepare healthy food	2.15	[1.76, 2.61]	<.0001
2. Unwillingness to give up unhealthy foods that the patient craves	2.24	[1.83, 2.74]	<.0001
3. Belief that eating healthy on a budget is impossible	1.83	[1.45, 2.30]	<.0001
4. Perception of insufficient time to eat healthy	2.07	[1.70, 2.52]	<.0001
5. Flavor enhancement without excessive sugar or salt	2.06	[1.68, 2.53]	<.0001

P values determined via chi-square tests.

Several themes emerged from the qualitative data analysis as depicted visually in Figure 2. In brief, when asked “How will you offer practical nutrition advice to your future patients?” 3 key themes were revealed: (1) addressing barriers to healthy eating, (2) personalizing dietary recommendations, and (3) providing evidence-based information for different ways of healthy eating.

Addressing barriers to healthy eating was characterized by the students’ increased sense of preparation, confidence, and comfort in addressing possible barriers to healthy eating such as misconceptions about popular diets, how to make healthy food flavorful with spices and herbs and basic cooking techniques, and food access and other equity issues. Personalizing dietary recommendations was evident in student reporting that they felt they can better relate and connect to patients and their unique dietary obstacles. Providing evidence-based information supporting various ways of eating was marked by the ability of the students to provide their patients broad guidelines for healthy eating, understand and explain different dietary approaches to patients, and offer strategies to transition from unhealthy familiar ways of eating.

Some relevant quotes that reflect the themes are as follows:

I learned about the real-life barriers to accessing or switching diets, which helped frame the perspective of future patients so that I can better address their needs and concerns. The training also provided practical solutions to getting affordable fresh produce and making tasty meals that patients will enjoy to improve their health.

There is so much information out there online about what you should be eating and why. It is helpful to be able to discern the pros/cons of “strict” diets. The more nutrition training we have, the better we can personalize recommendations to patients. Diet cannot just prevent illness but also help one heal from it, and as physicians we should be fully equipped to advise our patients on how to maximize their health.

When posed with the question “How do you think you will utilize the information you have learned in the culinary medicine session in your own life?,” 3 key themes emerged: (1) implementing cost and time efficiency strategies, (2) trying different evidence-based diets, and (3) making practical dietary changes to support personal health.

Implementing cost- and time-efficiency strategies was hallmarked by feelings that healthy eating on a student’s budget and with limited time were major barriers. Students commonly expressed that they learned practical tactics and prioritized addressing both of these barriers in their own lives. Trying different evidence-based diets was marked by a commonly expressed desire to experience which nutrient-dense approach would resonate best with them and how their own body would respond to different methods. Making practical changes to support their health was reflected in basic strategies such as carefully reading the nutrition label before buying a product, using spices and herbs to enhance the taste of healthy food, and knowing how to prioritize healthy food shopping while on limited budgets.

These themes are reflected in the following student quotes:

It’s helpful to be reminded that the quality of food matters so much for our overall health—there is so much focus on maintaining a “caloric deficit” to lose weight, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that food provides us with vital nutrients that we can’t produce ourselves.

One of the barriers to healthy eating that I face is time, both the time necessary to cook food and also how long fresh produce lasts after purchase. Buying frozen foods in bulk (eg, vegetables) and also cooking in bulk and storing for later are skills I plan to apply to my own life.

Discussion

The incorporation of a single session of culinary medicine training into the core curriculum of first-year medical students at the UMSOM was feasible, well-accepted, and associated with improvements in medical student nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes as well as confidence in providing nutrition counseling to patients. Pre-/posttraining improvements were noted in mean scores of all nutrition questionnaires and themes of being better prepared to address barriers to healthy eating in patient care, familiarity with numerous evidence-based popular diets to provide a variety of choices for patients to eat healthier diets, and confidence to make healthy eating behavior changes in the medical students’ personal lives were revealed in qualitative analysis. It was particularly encouraging that no medical students reported being not at all knowledgeable, prepared, or confident in any of the nutritional outcomes assessed after the single culinary medicine session.

The ultimate goals of the 3-hour training session were 2-fold. The first goal was to offer sufficient practical nutrition knowledge and skills in the limited time available in core curriculum to fill well-established nutritional training gaps and prepare future physicians for basic nutrition counseling at the point of clinical care. The decreases in the variance of all questionnaire scores and increases in being at least somewhat knowledgeable, prepared, and confident in all domains assessed further reflect attainment of the goal of basic nutrition counseling competency. More intensive elective training in culinary medicine similar to those offered at other academic medical institutions is being planned for the third and fourth years of medical students who may choose to focus on nutrition in clinical practice or research. The intention of this training was to provide enough basic instruction to all medical students to confidently address common nutritional concerns in patient care. While nutritional biochemistry plays an important role in physician understanding of health and disease, patients are more likely to inquire about the many seemingly conflicting popular diets that are recommended to them by acquaintances outside of the clinic or that they encounter online. Many patients often begin such popular diets without any communication with their physician. This can be problematic as popular diets are often implemented improperly, and in some cases, may be inappropriate for the patient’s health status. Thus, the training was intended to familiarize future physicians with the basic tenets and clinical evidence supporting a variety of the most popular diets (low-fat, low-carbohydrate, plant-based, and paleolitihic) while provided more in-depth analysis of Mediterranean diets, due to the robust evidence base and versatility of this dietary approach for most patients.

The second goal of the culinary medicine training was to equip the medical students at the onset of medical school with practical strategies to eat healthy diets that they could carry with them throughout the course of their medical training. Medical school has been established in many previous studies to be physically and psychologically stressful for many students.⁵⁵ This level of distress can negatively affect students’ personal and professional lives by contributing to poor academic performance, increased dropout rates from medical school, broken relationships, substance abuse, burnout, depressive symptoms, suicide, depersonalization, as well as a reduced quality of patient care.^56,57 Healthy eating and other self-care modalities have been shown to help reduce this stress among medical students.^55,58 Higher adherence to nutrient-dense diets has been associated with lower depression risk and higher positive emotional state and more resilience to stress, while lower fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with a higher Perceived Stress Score.^59-61 The strategies presented in the culinary medicine training for overcoming patient barriers to healthy eating—including time, taste, and cost—are also applicable to medical students and were communicated as being relevant to their own lives. The importance of overcoming barriers to healthy eating, both among medical students themselves and future patients, were common topics of conversation when eating meals together. The increased confidence engendered in the medical students’ ability to cook simple, healthy, and flavorful recipes after cooking the Mediterranean meal together was reflected in the improved questionnaire outcomes and qualitative data.

The results of this first outcomes evaluation of culinary medicine training offered as a component of core medical student education are aligned with previously published data of culinary medicine education that was offered on an elective basis.^24-36 It is encouraging that the improvements that have consistently been noted in nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes and increased confidence in nutritional patient counseling and personal ability to eat a healthy diet while in medical school appear to extend beyond self-selected populations of medical students who elected to receive more intensive culinary medicine training. More benefit is likely to be seen with repeated exposures and reinforcement with more training sessions, but these findings in a single session of training reduce some of the potential for selection bias and extend the generalizability of previous work to medical students at large in core curriculum.

While the delivery model of a single 3-hour culinary medicine session incorporated into core curriculum is likely to be feasible in other academic medical settings, there are several limitations to the replicability and inference of the results of this study that are worthy of mention. One key limitation is that most medical schools do not have a dedicated teaching kitchen. However, extensive on-site kitchen equipment is not necessary at the medical school to offer this type of training. In fact, UMSOM does not have a teaching kitchen and the pilot culinary medicine training was held within the basement of a local office building. There are also community kitchens, similar to that of the Institute for Integrative Health where the training was offered, located within reasonable proximity of many academic medical centers. Even within the well-equipped teaching kitchen in this training, the primary pieces of equipment utilized for the class were widely accessible portable induction burners, food processors, and blenders predominantly used at portable group cooking stations (see Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Culinary medicine posttraining questionnaire responses and qualitative themes.

Another limitation related to the feasibility of culinary medicine training when offered in core medical student curriculum are the costs of food, kitchen materials, kitchen space, and preparation time for large cohorts of students. These costs can be contained through several measures. The Institute for Integrative Health donated the kitchen space for the training, which may be a feasible option at other community-kitchens. The cost of food was limited by cooking bulk-purchased and frozen salmon, vegetables, berries, and other ingredients. The cost of the entire meal was intentionally designed to be less than $10 (approximately $8) to demonstrate the economic feasibility for both students and future patients. Graduate students in nutrition and dietetics with required hours for licensure volunteered to assist with the preparation of meals and cooking instruction. Finally, making video recording of the cooking instruction available to students may help further reduce the cost of food and other ingredients for a large cohort of medical students. COVID-19 has required remote delivery of the culinary medicine curriculum to first-year medical students thus far in the 2020-2021 academic year. While outcomes data from the remote culinary medicine training are still being collected, the resources required have been reduced considerably, the training has been well-accepted by students, and the live Q&A via video conferencing has been similarly as engaging as in-person. Collectively, these strategies helped limit the cost of training and other measures are being explored.

There are also several limitations related to the pilot outcomes evaluation of the training. To the authors’ knowledge, there are no previously validated metrics available to assess medical student knowledge, nutrition, and attitudes toward nutrition counseling in patient care. As such, a relatively brief set of questions utilizing a 5-point Likert-type scale was created to evaluate changes in these areas before and after the culinary medicine training. A related limitation is the lack of long-term follow up data to determine whether the improvements noted in nutrition knowledge, skills, and attitudes specific to patient counseling and increased personal confidence to eat healthy while in medical school persist over time. Longitudinal evaluation of changes in these important areas is underway at UMSOM as a session of culinary medicine training is being offered to second-year medical students in the 2020-2021 academic year. Repeated survey distribution will help evaluate the potential of culinary medicine training to elicit sustained behavior change and confidence in nutrition counseling for patients throughout the course of medical school.

Culinary medicine appears to be a valuable addition to core medical student curriculum to help fill well-established gaps in medical student nutrition education that have been shown to persist into clinical practice. Institutional pilot testing, medical student advocacy, relatively brief curriculum, and a variety of cost containment measures are likely to be helpful in supporting feasible replicability at other medical schools across the country.

Supplemental Material

sj-xlsx-1-ajl-10.1177_15598276211021749 – Supplemental material for Culinary Medicine Training in Core Medical School Curriculum Improved Medical Student Nutrition Knowledge and Confidence in Providing Nutrition Counseling

Supplemental material, sj-xlsx-1-ajl-10.1177_15598276211021749 for Culinary Medicine Training in Core Medical School Curriculum Improved Medical Student Nutrition Knowledge and Confidence in Providing Nutrition Counseling by Christopher R. D’Adamo, Kayli Workman, Christine Barnabic, Norman Retener, Bernadette Siaton, Gabriela Piedrahita, Brandin Bowden, Nicola Norman and Brian M. Berman in American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to the medical students for their enthusiastic engagement in the culinary medicine training. We would also like to thank the Office of Medical Education at the University of Maryland School of Medicine for their vision and support in offering this training. We greatly appreciate the outstanding nutrition teaching and other comprehensive contributions to the culinary medicine training provided by David Feuz, MS, Susan Sullivan, MS, and Gina Weires, MS from Maryland University of Integrative Health. The authors are appreciative of the food and supplies that were generously donated by Performance Food Services Group. Last, the authors would like to thank the leadership and staff of the Institute for Integrative Health for their essential partnership in helping catalyze this training, both in providing the teaching kitchen space and their valuable support in the day-to-day operations of the training.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical Approval

Approval was obtained by the institutional review board of the University of Maryland School of Medicine (HP-00090749).

ORCID iD

Christopher R. D’Adamo

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