Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective:

To establish a HPLC fingerprints evaluation method for Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) based on traditional decoction process of Ancient Classical Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ACPTCM).

Methods:

The fingerprints of 10 batches of ASR were further evaluated by chemometrics methods. The similarity analyzed with “Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2004A,” and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed by SPSS (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results:

There were 12 common peaks, and the similarity degrees of 10 batches of samples were more than 0.923 and showed that all the samples from different origins were of good consistency. The samples were divided into 4 clusters by HCA. The results of PCA showed that the 3 factors were chosen, the quality of samples could be evaluated basically. The comprehensive score results show that the ASR with Lot.Nos.DG-18007, DG-18008 in Weiyuan County, Gansu and DG-18009 produced in Minle County, Gansu Province rank among the top 3 in all samples.

Conclusions:

These results demonstrated that the combination of HPLC chromatographic fingerprint and chemometrics offers an efficient and reliable approach for quality evaluation of ASR from different sources as Ancient Classical Prescriptions ingredients.

Keywords

angelica sinensis radix HPLC fingerprint quality evaluation chemometrics

Introduction

Ancient Classical Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ACPTCM)¹ mean the ancient formulas, which had been widely used before the Qing dynasties and have definite curative effects, obvious characteristics and advantages.^2

-5 After extensive clinical practice by many famous doctors, the ancient formulas, as a treasure of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), had been preserved to now and becoming more and more popular not only in China but also around other countries. Several research on classical prescriptions have been developed.^6

-15 For instance, Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), an ancient formula composed of Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) and Astragali Radix (AR), first recorded in “Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun”¹⁶ by Li, Dongyuan in China in AD 1247. In TCM clinics, DBT is prescribed for women to improve their health by raising the “Qi” (vital energy) and nourishing the “Blood” (body circulation),^17,18 and thus DBT today is a remedy for menopausal women to promote hematopoiesis, stimulate cardiovascular circulation, prevent osteoporosis, and trigger estrogenic activity.^19

-23 In January 2008, National Food and Drug Administration of People’s Republic of China issued the notice on Implementation of the Supplementary Regulations on the Registration of TCM.²⁴ It stated that “The production of preparations from classical prescriptions that meet the conditions prescribed by the state, can do not need to provide clinical safety research materials when applying for a drug approval number.” In August 2015, National Council issued the “Opinions on Reforming the Review and Approval System for Drugs and Medical Devices,”²⁵ proposing to simplify the approval of compound preparations derived from. In December 2016, the “Law of the people’s Republic of China on TCM” (Chinese Medicine Law)¹ was officially promulgated, clearly defined the legal status of TCM compound preparations derived from ACPTCM. In the following year, the Office of National Administration of Food and Drug Administration publicly solicited opinions on the “Regulations on Simplified Registration Examination and Approval of ACPTCM (Draft for Comment)” and the requirements for declaration materials (Draft for Comment).²⁶ And in April 2018, “The Catalogue of ACPTCM (first batch)” was launched by National Administration of TCM of People’s Republic of China, which containing 100 formulas in total.²⁷ These documents exemplify the research significance of ancient formulas. They might be the milestones in the development and approval of compound preparations derived from ACPTCM, and will make an effort to promote the steady development of TCM.

At present, there is no conclusion about the quality control of classical prescriptions. To ensure the safety, effectiveness and quality consistency of the final preparation from the entire process, it is particularly important to research and quality control of TCM raw materials. Up to now, several researches about the study about quality control of TCM^28
-30 have been reported. The HPLC fingerprint technology^31

-36 has been widely recognized as a comprehensive and effective approach for quality assessment of TCM. For example, to evaluate the quality of Nelumbinis Receptaculum (dried receptacle of Nelumbo nucifera), Wu Y B et al.³⁷ established a method of chromatographic fingerprint through extracting the samples by 50% ethanol. Polygoni Orientalis Fructus (POF) is a clinically effective Chinese medicine, derived from the fruit of Polygonum orientale L.³⁸ Raw POF (RPOF, prepared by collecting, cleaning, and sun-drying the fruits of Polygonum orientale.) and POF Tostus (POFT, produced by further processing in which RPOT is stir-fried until it bursts.) are used separately in clinics.^39,40 To discriminate and assess the quality of these 2 varieties, Ba Y et al.⁴¹ developed a method of High-performance liquid chromatography combined with the diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of 7 major compounds in RPOF and POFT by refluxing the samples with methanol. However, almost the samples were prepared by pure or different ratios of organic solvents like methanol and ethanol and so on.^42
-44 Unlike chemical drugs with some certain single ingredient, the composition of TCM may be so complex, in which some water-soluble ingredients that already had been proven with pharmacological activity such as nucleosides,⁴⁵ organic acids,⁴⁶ polysaccharides,⁴⁷ etc. are difficult to be proposed when extracted with organic solvents. We believe that a more effective and reliable quality control method for TCM should include the assay of water-soluble constituents rather than only organic-soluble constituents. The traditional usage of TCM in clinic is decoction, a form of dosage prepared by the traditional process taking water as the only solvent.^48
-50 The decoction played an important role in clinic treatment so as to accounting for nearly 80% among the Catalogue of ACPTCM (first batch) of all ancient classical prescriptions. Therefore, to ensure the stability and effectiveness of TCM preparation from ACPTCM, it is of great significance to research deeply on the decoction of TCM, especially investigate and control the quality of medicinal materials such as ASR.

Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) is the dried root of Angelica Sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, belonging to the family of Apiaceae.⁵¹ From the perspective of TCM, ASR is considered sweet, acrid, and warm in properties. It covers 3 meridians, including liver, heart, and spleen. Of course, ASR has been extensively investigated in phytochemistry,^52

-58 and the results indicated that organic acid (such as ferulic acid), volatile oil (such as senkyunolide I and ligustilide), and polysaccharide are the main components in this plant, which have been proved to be the bioactive compounds of ASR.^59

-64 Pharmacological studies demonstrated that those components have hematopoietic activity, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-arrhythmic, anti-radiation, anti-tumor, analgesic, regulating smooth muscle and protective effects on organs.^65

-70 Since ancient times, ASR has been clinically used for the treatment of various diseases, including enrich the blood and invigorate the circulation of blood, regulate the menstrual function to ease pain, and loose the bowel to relieve constipation in China,⁷¹ which enjoys the reputation of “King of Medicine.” In clinic, ASR was prepared as decoctions for treatment by a unique methodology with a specific combination of different herbs as a formula.^72
-74 Among thousands of different TCM formulas, ASR appeared frequently and there is an old saying that goes “9 out of 10 prescriptions containing ASR.” From the Catalogue of ACPTCM (first batch), the prescriptions which contained ASR accounts for almost a quarter (Table 1), which showed that ASR has an important position in TCM prescriptions. Therefore, in order to make those prescriptions play a better role in treatment, it was necessary to take suitable methods for researching and controlling the quality of ASR.

Table 1.

Statistics of 24 Prescriptions With ASR in the Catalogue of ACPTCM (First Batch).

No.	Name	No.	Name
1	Danggui Sini Tang	13	Jichuan Jian
2	Danggui Jianzhong Tang	14	Tuoli Xiaodu San
3	Danggui Yinzi	15	Qiangshang Juantong Tang
4	Wenjing Tang	16	Qingfei Tang
5	Qingwei San	17	Juanbi Tang
6	Danggui Liuhuang Tang	18	Yiguan Jian
7	Shengyu Tang	19	Xuanyu Tongjing Tang
8	Wuyao Tang	20	Qiangan Zhilin Tang
9	Danggui Buxue Tang	21	Simiao Yongan Tang
10	Da Qinjiao Tang	22	Shentong Zhuyu Tang
11	Jinshui Liujun Jian	23	Huanglian Gao
12	Nuangan Jian	24	Taohong Siwu Tang

In this study, we attempted to adopt the traditional decoction process, all sample solutions were extracted by water. A HPLC-PAD method was developed for the quality evaluation of ASR. In consideration of the complexity of TCM, similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) which were usually performed in analysis,^{37,44,75

-78} were used to reasonably define the class of ASR and to efficiently evaluate the quality of ASR. We expected that the method would be helpful for the quality control of ASR and it can provide a reference for the quality evaluation of products prepared by traditional decoction technology, such as classical preparations.

Materials and Methods

Instruments, Reagents and Materials

The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters e2595 HPLC system (Waters Co., Ltd. USA), equipped with a quaternary pump, an autosampler, an automatic thermostatic column compartment, a PAD detector and a computer with a software program for analysis of the HPLC data.

Ligustilide (Lot No: 111731) was purchased from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Ferulic acid (Lot No: H27J7L16718) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (ShangHai, China). Senkyunolide I (Lot No: 201902) was purchased from Nanjing Jin Yibai Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). HPLC-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck (Merck, Germany). Acetic acid (Lot No: D1918059) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (ShangHai, China). Distilled water was used in the experiment. Other reagent solutions were of analytical grade. Ten batches of ASR (S1-S10) acquired from different regions of China were listed in Table 2.

Table 2.

Sources of 10 Batches of ASR.

Samples	Lot No.	Sources
S1	DG-18001	Minle County of Gansu Province
S2	DG -18002	Minle County of Gansu Province
S3	DG -18003	Minle County of Gansu Province
S4	DG -18004	Min County of Gansu Province
S5	DG -18005	Min County of Gansu Province
S6	DG -18006	Min County of Gansu Province
S7	DG -18007	Weiyuan County of Gansu Province
S8	DG -18008	Weiyuan County of Gansu Province
S9	DG -18009	Minle County of Gansu Province
S10	DG -18010	Minle County of Gansu Province

Preparation of Standard and Sample Solutions

Standard solution preparation

Three reference standards (ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and ligustilide) were accurately weighed and dissolved in methanol to form stock solutions at a certain concentration. A mixed standard solution was obtained by diluting stock solutions for quantification, with concentration of 0.0081, 0.0089 and 0.0231 mg • mL⁻¹, respectively. All stock and working standard solutions were stored at 4°C until used for analysis.

Sample solution preparation

The dried samples were powdered and passed through a 65-mesh (250-μm) sieve. Accurately weighed portions of these powders (6 g) were first socked with 50 mL water for 0.5 h at 25°C, then refluxed for 0.5 h at 80°C. Collecting the extraction and after filtrating through a 0.45-µm membrane, 20 µL of the obtained solution was injected into the HPLC for analysis.

Chromatographic Conditions of HPLC-PAD Analysis

Analysis was performed using an HPLC system. Separation was carried out on a Hedera ODS-2 column (200 mm×4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm Hanbon. Sci. & Tech.). The column was eluted with a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile (solvent system A) and 0.2% acetic acid in ultra-pure water (solvent system B). Gradient elution was performed as follows: 0∼16 min, 15%∼23%A; 16∼20 min, 23%∼28%A; 20∼25 min, 28%∼30%A; 25∼30 min, 30%A; 30∼35 min, 30%∼32%A; 35∼45 min, 32%A; 45∼50 min, 32%∼40%A; 50∼55 min, 40%∼45%A; 55∼60 min, 45%∼65%A; 60∼65 min, 65%∼95%A. Acetonitrile-water with a flow rate of 1 mL/min provided a much better resolution, and the injection volume was 20 μL. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The effluent from the column was detected by a photodiode array detector (PAD) and the detection wavelength was set at 282 nm.

Validation of the Method

A sample of the ASR was prepared as described above and was subjected to HPLC analysis 6 times in the same day to evaluate the precision. The repeatability was examined by the injection of 6 different samples, which were prepared with the same sample preparation procedure. The stability of the sample solution was evaluated by analyzing the same sample solutions stored at room temperature for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h.

Fingerprint Analysis

The fingerprint analysis of all samples was performed by HPLC-PAD method. Equal amount of ASR (6.0 g) from each origin was used as the sample for fingerprint analysis. Gradient elution system was the same as described in Section 2.2. The HPLC condition was the same as described above.

Statistical Analysis

HPLC fingerprints and the reference chromatogram fingerprints of 7 varieties of ASR were generated by Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint Evaluation System (2004 A), and the characteristic peaks and similarities of the fingerprint data were identified based on retention time and peak area. SPSS (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical program was used for HCA and PCA.

Results and Discussion

Optimization of HPLC-PAD Method

In order to obtain the chromatograms with better separation of adjacent peaks within a short time, the mobile phase, detection wavelength and column temperature were investigated. In this work, acetonitrile-water system was used as the mobile phase. Considering the complex of the sample, a little amount of acid was added to the mobile phase to reduce the ionization and lower the polarity of these compounds. The mobile phases (acetonitrile-water) with different modifiers (0.1%acetic, 0.2%acetic, phosphoric and formic acids) were investigated under different gradient elution modes. The results showed that 0.2% acetic acid was added to the acetonitrile-water system to further improve the peak shape and baseline resolution. Due to a full-scan experiment of the 5 active components from 200 to 400 nm, 282 nm was selected as the detection wavelength, so that more characteristic peaks could be obtained, and the baseline was well improved on the chromatographic profiles. The effect of column temperatures 25, 30 and 35°C, on the separation process was also tested. Most of the peaks in the HPLC chromatograms were well resolved at 30°C. Thus, this temperature was chosen as the column temperature for the fingerprint analysis.

Method Validation of Quantitative Analysis

A sample of the ASR was prepared as described above and was subjected to HPLC analysis 6 times in the same day to evaluate the precision. The repeatability was examined by the injection of 6 different samples, which were prepared with the same sample preparation procedure. The stability was analyzed in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h within 1 day. Using ferulic acid as a reference peak, the consistency of the similarity of the common peaks was examined. Variations were expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD). Table 3 showed the results of the tests of precision, repeatability and stability.

Table 3.

The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Results of Methodology Validation (n = 6).

Peak no.	Precision RSD		Repeatability RSD		Stability RSD
Peak no.	Relative retention time	Relative peak area	Relative retention time	Relative peak area	Relative retention time	Relative peak area
6(Ferulic acid)	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
10(senkyunolide I)	0.04%	3.33%	0.12%	1.46%	0.16%	1.37%
12(ligustilide)	0.12%	3.76%	0.17%	0.88%	0.33%	2.17%

In the results of the precision experiment, the values of RSD for the relative retention time and peak area were below than 0.12% and 3.76%, respectively. The RSD of the relative retention time and peak area in the repetitive results was less than 0.17% and 1.46%, respectively. The stability results showed that the RSD of the sample relative retention time and peak area within 24 h were less than 0.33% and 2.27%, respectively.

Chemometrics Analysis of HPLC Fingerprint

Establishment of chromatographic fingerprint of ASR and similarity analysis (SA)

To standardize the HPLC profile, the samples of ASR were analyzed, and all chromatograms were introduced into the “Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine” (Version 2004A, Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, China). Peaks that existed in all chromatograms of samples with reasonable heights and good resolutions were assigned as “common peak” for ASR. The time window was set to 0.2 s and the calibration method was multi-point calibration. Through matching the common peaks of the markers, the reference chromatogram fingerprint was generated by using the average method. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, there are 12 distinct common peaks (from peak 1 to peak 12) in the HPLC fingerprint common patterns from the 10 samples of ASR. Three common peaks (peak 6, 10 and 12) were identified as ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, ligustilide, respectively by comparing their retention time with the standard compounds.

Figure 1.

HPLC fingerprints of 10 batches of ASR.

Figure 2.

HPLC fingerprint of ASR.

The similarity of chromatographic fingerprint data is indicated by the correlation coefficient (similarity). The closer the correlation coefficient is to1, the higher the similarity between the samples. As shown in Table 4, the similarity degrees of 10 batches of samples were more than 0.923. These results showed that all the samples from different origins were of good consistency, which can be used to comprehensively evaluate the overall quality of ASR.

Table 4.

Results of Similarity of 10 Batches of ASR.

Sample	Similarities
S1	0.939
S2	0.985
S3	0.923
S4	0.982
S5	0.981
S6	0.967
S7	0.942
S8	0.949
S9	0.967
S10	0.971

Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)

HCA is a multivariate analysis method that displays complex raw data in a visual form and provides classification information for test samples. In this study, the samples of ASR were grouped by SPSS (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), based on the clustering method of inter-group connections and the Squared Euclidean Distance interval.

In order to assess the resemblance and differences of these samples, a hierarchical agglomerative clustering analysis of ASR samples was performed based on the relative peak areas of all the 12 characteristics chromatographic peaks. The peak areas of characteristics constituents in 10 batches of ASR samples from various sources formed a matrix of 10 × 12. The results of HCA were shown in Figure 3, from which the quality characteristics were revealed more clearly.

Figure 3.

HCA for 10 batches of ASR.

The results of the HCA showed that the 10 batches of ASR samples could be divided into 4 quality clusters. Among them, cluster I included the samples S4, S5, S2, S10, S1, S3 (Lot Nos. DG-18004, DG-18005, DG-18002, DG-18010, DG-18001, DG-18003).Cluster II obtained S6 (Lot No. DG-18006) and S9 (Lot No. DG-18009) was separately divided into Cluster III. S7 and S8 (Lot Nos. DG-18007and DG-18008) consisted of Cluster IV. From the results of cluster analysis, the fingerprints of ASR had certain relativity with geographic location and germplasm resources, but it is not absolutely related.

Principal component analysis (PCA)

As a statistical method of dimension reduction, PCA decomposes the covariance matrix to obtain the principal components (i.e., eigenvectors) of the data and their weights (i.e., eigenvalues), thereby recombining the original variables into a new set of independent comprehensive variables. According to the actual situation, extracting several eigenvectors that are in front of the eigenvalues reflect the main information of the original variables, which can simplify the complex problems. In this work, PCA was performed while using SPSS (version 22.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

As shown in Table 5, chromatographic peaks 1 and 2 had a larger positive correlation, the same as peaks 3, 4 and 5. The correlation of chromatographic peaks 6 (ferulic acid) and 7 were also positive with each other. Chromatographic peaks 8, 9 and 10 (senkyunolide I) have a larger positive correlation, as well as peaks 11and 12 (ligustilide).

Table 5.

Matrix of Correlation Coefficients.

Peak	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1	1.000	0.423	0.127	0.778	0.902	0.945	0.870	0.215	0.921	0.574	0.719	-0.448
2	0.423	1.000	0.777	0.865	0.574	0.592	0.699	0.709	0.281	0.168	0.248	-0.135
3	0.127	.0777	1.000	0.627	0.470	0.307	0.314	0.672	-0.079	-0.281	-0.178	0.111
4	0.778	0.865	0.627	1.000	0.880	0.858	0.901	0.712	0.650	0.414	0.533	-0.349
5	0.902	0.574	0.470	0.880	1.000	0.925	0.815	0.453	0.723	0.302	0.475	-0.391
6	0.945	0.592	0.307	0.858	0.925	1.000	0.830	0.323	0.787	0.443	0.610	-0.294
7	0.870	0.699	0.314	0.901	0.815	0.830	1.000	0.493	0.830	0.604	0.687	-0.596
8	0.215	0.709	0.672	0.712	0.453	0.323	0.493	1.000	0.205	0.275	0.284	-0.142
9	0.921	0.281	-0.079	0.650	0.723	0.787	0.830	0.205	1.000	0.820	0.909	-0.410
10	0.574	0.168	-0.281	0.414	0.302	-0.443	0.604	0.275	0.820	1.000	0.972	-0.230
11	0.719	0.248	-0.178	0.533	0.475	0.610	0.687	0.284	0.909	0.972	1.000	-0.199
12	-0.448	-1.350	0.111	-0.349	-0.391	-0.294	-0.596	-0.142	-0.410	-0.230	-0.199	1.000

The eigenvalue and variance contribution rate of the correlation coefficient were shown in Table 6 and Figure 4. Based on the eigenvalue > 1, the variance contribution rates of the first 3 principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) were 59.156%, 21.332% and 9.087%, respectively, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 89.575%.This showed that the 3 principal components contain most information of all the variables, and the original data were fully reflected.

Table 6.

Eigenvalue and Variance Contribution Rate.

Peak no.	Initial eigenvalue			Extracing eigenvalue
Peak no.	Total	Variance contribution rate %	Cumulative variance contribution rate %	Total	Variance contribution rate %	Cumulative variance contribution rate %
1	7.099	59.156	59.156	7.099	59.156	59.156
2	2.560	21.332	80.487	2.560	21.332	80.487
3	1.090	9.087	89.575	1.090	9.087	89.575
4	0.832	6.937	96.512
5	0.287	2.395	98.907
6	0.112	0.935	98.842
7	0.014	0.115	99.957
8	0.003	0.026	99.982
9	0.002	0.018	100.000
10	0.000	0.000	100.000
11	0.000	0.000	100.000
12	0.000	0.000	100.000

Figure 4.

Macadam figure of common factor.

According to the factor load matrix, it was inferred that the difference in quality of ASR was not a single component, but the result of the synergistic effect of multiple components. As shown in the loadings plot (Figure 5) and factor load matrix (Table 7), peaks 1, 4, 5, 6 (ferulic acid), 7 and 9 showed a higher contribution on PC 1. Peaks 2, 3and 8 represented the variables of PC 2, and the contribution of peaks 10 (senkyunolide I), 11, 12 (ligustilide) on PC 3 were obvious. These 12 peaks, especially for peaks 6 and 10 that showed further distance with other loadings, surmised to be the mainly chemical characteristic peaks used to distinguish the quality of different varieties of ASR.

Figure 5.

Loading plot of PCA, P means peak.

Table 7.

Factor Load Matrix.

Peak no.	Principal component
Peak no.	1	2	3
Peak 1	0.916	-0.236	-0.231
Peak 2	0.688	0.615	0.015
Peak 3	0.359	0.901	0.057
Peak 4	0.942	0.332	0.015
Peak 5	0.893	0.153	-0.281
Peak 6 (ferulic acid)	0.909	-0.003	-0.175
Peak 7	0.963	-0.018	-0.104
Peak 8	0.557	0.546	0.401
Peak 9	0.865	-0.471	0.024
Peak 10 (senkyunolide I)	0.636	-0.583	0.473
Peak 11	0.748	-0.528	0.402
Peak 12(ligustilide)	0.445	0.201	0.586

Comprehensive evaluation of ASR from different regions

To make a comprehensive evaluation of ASR, 3 principal components were performed by building model. Based on the model, the principal component scores and comprehensive score values of 10 batches of ASR were calculated, as shown in Table 8. The higher the score, the better the quality. The result showed that S7, S8 and S9 (Lot Nos. DG-18007, DG-18008 and DG-18009) ranked among top 3 in all samples, which indicated that the quality of the 3 batches of ASR was better than others. Corresponding with the fingerprint information, the peak areas of the main components 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11 were all larger in the fingerprints of the 3 batches of ASR. It can also prove that the 3 principal components extracted during principal component analysis can basically reflect all the information of the fingerprint. Combined with the analysis of cluster analysis results, the quality of S1 (Lot No. DG-18003) was poor and the others of ASR were better. The quality of S7 (Lot No. DG-18007) produced in Weiyuan County, Gansu was stood up from other samples. The results of comprehensive principal component analysis and cluster analysis were mutually consistent.

Table 8.

Rank of Principal Component Scores and Comprehensive Scores.

Sample	PC1 score	PC2 score	PC3 score	Comprehensive scores	Ranking
S1	−1.4098	−0.4758	−1.3444	−0.95	10
S2	−0.0213	0.2532	0.5488	0.05	5
S3	−0.9002	−0.9780	−0.0937	−0.74	9
S4	−0.2136	0.1265	−0.3106	−0.10	6
S5	−0.2665	0.0211	−0.2666	−0.16	7
S6	0.4529	−1.0449	2.0693	0.07	4
S7	2.0346	0.3292	−0.5845	1.27	1
S8	1.1659	−0.7769	−1.1255	0.51	2
S9	−0.3056	2.4332	0.2286	0.34	3
S10	−0.5363	0.1124	0.8788	−0.28	8

The differences in the quality of ASR from different sources may be due to the fact that different ecological environments (including soil, climate, moisture, and mineral distribution), which had certain effects on the quality of Chinese herbs. The natural ecological environment was closely related to the quality (formation and accumulation of effective ingredients) and quantity of traditional Chinese medicine resources. It was the objective basis for its ecological suitability evaluation and the key to the division of medicinal material production areas. Different batches of ASR were clustered according to the comprehensive principal component score. The clustering results were shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6, the 10 batches of ASR samples could be divided into 4 quality clusters. Among them, cluster I included the samples S2, S6, S4, S5, S10 (Lot Nos. DG-18002, DG-18006, DG-18004, DG-1805, DG-18010). Cluster II obtained S2 (Lot No. DG-18002) and S3 (Lot No. DG-18003), in which comprehensive scores were ranked second and third among all samples. S1 and S3 (Lot Nos. DG-18001 and DG-18003) were divided into Cluster III. S7 (Lot No.DG-18007) produced in Weiyuan County, Gansu ranked first in the comprehensive scores, which was classified into Cluster IV. The results were almost consistent with HCA above with little different.

Figure 6.

HCA of principal component for 10 batches of ASR.

Conclusions and Discussions

As the carrier of TCM theory as well as the main tool for clinical treatment, ACPTCM, is one of the breakthroughs in the development of TCM. For better application in treatment, it is important to ensure the stability of quality and effectiveness of preparations from ACPTCM, which means it must be of great significance to research deeply on investigating and controlling the quality of the medicinal materials, such as ASR, according to the traditional decoction process of ACPTCM. In this paper, our study offered an efficient and reliable approach for quality evaluation of ASR from different sources, by establishing a method combined with HPLC chromatographic fingerprint and chemometrics for Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) based on traditional decoction process of ACPTCM.

Compared with conventional analytical approaches, our research in the paper followed the traditional decoction process by taking water as the only solvent to prepare all the samples, and then made an analysis of ASR with chromatographic fingerprint and chemometrics. It demonstrated the approach can not only offered a powerful way to quality evaluation of ASR, but also might be a valuable reference for quality evaluation of ACPTCM preparations prepared by traditional decoction technology.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge to all those who have offered me tremendous assistance in Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773910, 81202922) and National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1710603).

ORCID iDs

Zhang Qian

Yan Guojun

References

Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of People's Republic of China. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine. Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of People's Republic of China; 2016.

Wang

Ren

. Examples of Xiaochaihu Tang clinical application. Chin J Clin Med. 2019;11:2077–2079.

Quan

Zhu

, et al. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. Chin J Exp Traditional Med Formulae. 2020;26:216–225.

Yao

Gong

, et al. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. Drug Eval Res. 2019;42:1474–1479.

Liu

Yan

Shu

, et al. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae. Chin J Exp Traditional Med Formulae. 2019;25:209–218.

Chan

Cheung

Zhang

, et al. Ancient Chinese medicine herbal formula Huanglian Jiedu decoction as a neoadjuvant treatment of chemotherapy by improving diarrhea and tumor response. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:252.

Cao

Xiao

Liu

, et al. Active components, derived from Kai-Xin-San, a herbal formula, increase the expressions of neurotrophic factor NGF and BDNF on mouse astrocyte primary cultures via cAMP-dependent signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;224:554–562.

Zhu

Duan

Huang

, et al. Kai-Xin-San, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, induces neuronal differentiation of cultured PC12 cells: modulating neurotransmitter regulation enzymes and potentiating NGF inducing neurite outgrowth. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;193:272–282.

Zhang

Wang

. Pharmacokinetics difference of multiple active constituents from decoction and maceration of Fuzi Xiexin Tang after oral administration in rat by UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014;92:35–46.

10.

Zhang

Deng

, et al. Quantification of nineteen bioactive components in the ancient classical Chinese medicine formula of Wen-Dan decoction and its commercial preparations by UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Molecules. 2019;24:2031.

11.

Zeng

Zheng

Fan

. Si-Ni-Tang (a Chinese herbal formula) for improving immunofunction in sepsis: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019;20(1):537.

12.

Yeh

Liu

Lin

Tsai

Wang

. Anemia-related hemogram, uterine artery pulsatility index, and blood pressure for the effects of four-agents-decoction (Si Wu Tang) in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(5):531–538.

13.

Yang

. Antiinflammatory effects of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;115(1):104–109.

14.

Wang

Song

Qiao

. Simultaneous quantification of 50 bioactive compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine formula Gegen-Qinlian decoction using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2016;1454:15–25.

15.

Wang

Zhang

Song

Tian

Kong

. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-decotion induced protective autophagy against the injury of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via MAPK-MTOR signaling pathway. j ethnopharmacol. 2013;149(1):270–280.

16.

. Neiwaishang Bianhuo Lun. China Medical Science Press. 2011.

17.

Fu YK, You RJ Yifangfahui. Liaoning Science And Technology Publishing House. 1984.

18.

Wu K. Examination of Medical Prescription. Beijing People’s Medical Publishing House; 1990.

19.

Shi

Yue

Tang

, et al. A network pharmacology approach to investigate the blood enriching mechanism of Danggui Buxue decoction. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;235:227–242.

20.

Dazheng

Chunqing

Zhifen

Jianlong

Zhibi

. Effects of Angelicae Sinensis decoction for supplementing blood on the cardiac function in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury of rats. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med. 1999;15:3–6.

21.

Gao

Choi

Cheung

, et al. Danggui Buxue Tang—a Chinese herbal decoction activates the phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and estrogen receptor α in cultured MCF-7 cells. FEBS Lett. 2007;581(2):233–240.

22.

Zhou

Deng

, et al. Chinese herbal formula, modified Danggui Buxue Tang, attenuates apoptosis of hematopoietic stem cells in immune-mediated aplastic anemia mouse model. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:9786972.

23.

Xie

Dong

, et al. Effect of a derived herbal recipe from an ancient Chinese formula, Danggui Buxue Tang, on ovariectomized rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;144(3);567–575.

24.

National Food and Drug Administration of People's Republic of China. Notice on Implementation of the Supplementary Regulations on the Registration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. National Food and Drug Administration of People's Republic of China; 2008.

25.

National Council of People's Republic of China. Opinions on Reforming the Review and Approval System for Drugs and Medical Devices. National Council of People's Republic of China; 2015.

26.

National Food and Drug Administration of People's Republic of China. The Regulations on Simplified Registration Examination and Approval of Classical Prescriptions of TCM (Draft for Comment) and the requirements for declaration materials (Draft for Comment). National Food and Drug Administration of People's Republic of China; 2017

27.

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of People's Republic of China. The Catalogue of Classical Prescriptions (First Batch). National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of People's Republic of China; 2018.

28.

Shen

Yao

. Quality assessment of herbal medicines based on chemical fingerprints combined with chemometrics approach: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020;185:113215.

29.

Lin

Liu

Zhang

, et al. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprints of triterpenoids for distinguishing between isodon lophanthoides and isodon lophanthoides var. gerardianus. J AOAC Int. 2019;102(3):714–719.

30.

Zhu

Kuang

Gao

, et al. HPLC-UV fingerprints and chemical pattern recognition of Ilicis pubescentis radix. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2018;43(6):1182–1187.

31.

Chan

Liang

. Development of high-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints for distinguishing chinese angelica from related umbelliferae herbs. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1073(1-2):383–392.

32.

Wang

Sun

Qiao

Shao

Jiang

. Fingerprint quality control of angelica sinensis (Oliv.) diels by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with discriminant analysis. Talanta. 2007;72(2):434–436.

33.

Yang

Hua

Guo

, et al. Study on quality standard of oil-processed Radix angelica sinensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 2010;33(6):874–878.

34.

Zhao

Sun

Chen

. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric fingerprinting analyses of angelica sinensis (Oliv.) diels-derived dietary supplements. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013;405(13):4477–4485.

35.

Zhang

Ding

Wang

Sun

Wang

. NIR fingerprints of different medicinal parts of angelicae sinensis radix. Zhong Yao Cai. 2015;38(7):1413–1416.

36.

Yang

Chen

Lee

Wang

. GC-MS fingerprints for discrimination of ligusticum chuanxiong from Angelica. J Sep Sci. 2008;31(18):3231–3237.

37.

Zheng

Chen

. Quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis for the quality evaluation of receptaculum nelumbinis by RP-HPLC coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(1):1999–2010.

38.

Jiang

Chen

Wei

. Free radical scavenging activity and flavonoids contents of Polygonum orientale leaf, stem and seed extracts. Arch Biol Sci. 2009;28:284-287.

39.

Editorial Board of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Chinese Herbal Medicine. Shanghai Science and Technology Publisher; 1999.

40.

Zhai

Chu

Cheng

Kang

. Effect of fructus polygoni orientalis on digestion and pain relief. Zhong Yao Cai. 2006;29:1345-1346.

41.

Xiao

Chen

, et al. Comprehensive quality evaluation of polygoni orientalis fructus and its processed product: chemical fingerprinting and simultaneous determination of seven major components coupled with chemometric analyses. Phytochem Anal. 2019.

42.

Qian

Wang

, et al. Metabolic fingerprinting of Angelica sinensis during growth using UPLC-TOFMS and chemometrics data analysis. Chem Cent J. 2013;7(1):42.

43.

Wedge

Klun

Tabanca

, et al. Bioactivity-guided fractionation and GC/MS fingerprinting of angelica sinensis and angelica archangelica root components for antifungal and mosquito deterrent activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(2):464–470.

44.

Yan

Cao

Guo

, et al. UPLC fingerprint and multi-components content determination of different processed products of Angelica sinensis. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2019;44(12):2499–2510.

45.

Ely

Mentzer

Jr Lasley

Lee

Berne

. Functional and metabolic evidence of enhanced myocardial tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion with adenosine. J thor cardiovasc surg. 1985;90(4):549–556.

46.

Wang

Liu

, et al. Antioxidant activities of oleanolic acid in vitro: possible role of Nrf2 and MAP kinases. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;184(3):328–337.

47.

Chen

Liu

Zhao

, et al. Antioxidant and immunobiological activity of water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from acanthopanax senticosu. Food chem. 2011;127(2):434–440.

48.

Dai

. Research on the decoction method of traditional Chinese medicine-decoction principle, decoction and soaking. Zhong Cheng Yao Yan Jiu. 1986:5–6.

49.

Zhang

Jiang

Zhao

Xiong

Zhang

. Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Tianjin J Traditional Chin Med. 2017;34:422–428.

50.

Ynag

. Discuss decoction method of Chinese medicine. Chin Med Herald. 2009;6:229–230.

51.

Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. China Medical Science and Technology Press; 2015.

52.

Wei

Qin

. Chemical comparison on different parts of angelica sinensis radix based on NMR metabolomics. Zhong Cao Yao Za Zhi. 2016;48(7):1409–1415.

53.

Sheng

Yun

Yu-Ping

, et al. Chemical constituents from the aerial parts of angelica sinensis and their bioactivities. Chin J Nat Med. 2012;10(4):295–298.

54.

Fan

Xia

Liu

Zhao

. Simultaneous quantification of two major active components in radix angelicae sinensis by high-performance liquid chromatography with an internal standard correction method. Instrum Sci Technol. 2012;40(5):416–428.

55.

Deng

Chen

Yao

, et al. Serotonergic activity-guided phytochemical investigation of the roots of angelica sinensis. J Nat Prod. 2006;69(4):536–541.

56.

Chao

Lin

. Bioactivities of major constituents isolated from angelica sinensis (Danggui). Chin Med. 2011;6(1):1–7.

57.

Ying

Wang

Hong-Hai

Wei

. Simultaneous quantification of six main active constituents in chinese angelica by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. Pharmacogn Mag. 2013;9(34):114–119.

58.

Gong

Zhou

, et al. Neuroprotective and cytotoxic phthalides from angelicae sinensis radix. Molecules. 2016;21(5):549–554.

59.

Lü

Zhao

Duan

Yan

Tang

Zhang

. Quality evaluation of Angelica sinensis by simultaneousdetermination of ten compounds using LC-PDA. Chromatographia. 2009;70(3-4):455–465.

60.

Wang

Tang

, et al. The quantitative comparative ananlysis for main bio-active components in angelicae sinensis, ligusticum chuanxiong, and the herb pair Gui-Xiong. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2012;35(17):2439–2453.

61.

Hsieh

Tsai

Lin

Wang

. Effects of ferulic acid on the impairment of inhibitory avoidance performance in rats. Planta Med. 2002;68(8):754–756.

62.

Cheng

Chen

Wang

, et al. Z-Ligustilide isolated from Radix Angelicae Sinensis ameliorates the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice. Fitoterapia. 2011;82(7):1128–1132.

63.

Sun

Tang

. Effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on apoptosis in subchronic radiation-injured mice and its radioprotective effect. Chin Prev Med. 2009;10(12):1050–1052.

64.

Feng

, et al. Ligustilide alleviates brain damageband improves cognitive function in rats of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;144(2):313–321.

65.

Xiao-Peng

Wei

Xue-Feng

Zhang

Chang-Xiao

. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on radix angelica sinensis. Chin J Nat Med. 2013;11(6):577–587.

66.

Ren

Niu

Wang

Shao

. Effect of angelica sinensis radix on colonic morphology and mucus secretion of experimental xuexubianmi model mice. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi. 2018;34(4): 367–370.

67.

Cheng

Zhou

Liu

Wang

Zhang

. The effects of polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis on tumor growth and iron metabolism in H22-bearing mice. Food Funct. 2016;7(2):1033–1039.

68.

Chen

Duan

Qian

Guo

Song

Yang

. Assessment and comparison of immunoregulatory activity of four hydrosoluble fractions of angelica sinensisin vitro on the peritoneal macrophages in ICR mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2010;10(4):422–430.

69.

Bunel

Antoine

Nortier

Duez

Stévigny

. Nephroprotective effects of ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide and E-ligustilide isolated from Angelica sinensis against cisplatin toxicity in vitro. Toxicol Vitro. 2015;29(3):458–467.

70.

Liu

Hsieh

Huang

Liao

Chiang

. Hematopoietic effect of water-soluble polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on mice with acute blood loss. Exp Hematol. 2010;38(6):437–445.

71.

The Compile Commission of Zhonghua Bencao of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of People's Republic of China. Zhonghua Bencao. Shanghai Science and Technology Press; 1999.

72.

Wang

. Examples of clinical application of Danggui Sini decoction. Chin Contemporary Med. 2010;17:86–87.

73.

Huang

Cai

. Advances in research on clinical application of Danggui Buxue Tang. J Pract Traditional Chin Med. 2019;35:1415–1417.

74.

Han

Zhang

. Research progress of Jingfang Danggui Shaoyao San in treating gynecological diseases. Asia-Pacific Traditional Med. 2019;15:199–201.

75.

Guo

Gan

Liu

, et al. Quality evaluation of oviductus ranae based on PUFAs using HPLC fingerprint techniques combined with chemometric methods. Foods. 2019;8(8):322.

76.

Chu

, et al. Quantitative and chemical fingerprint analysis for the quality evaluation of platycodi radix collected from various regions in China by HPLC coupled with chemometrics. Molecules. 2018;23(7):1823.

77.

Pan

, et al. Quality evaluation of different varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. peels based on phenolic profiles, bioactivity, and HPLC fingerprint. J Food Sci. 2020;85(4):1–8.

78.

Xie

Gong

Tang

, et al. An approach based on HPLC-fingerprint and chemometrics to quality consistency evaluation of liuwei dihuang pills produced by different manufacturers. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;48(4):1261–1266.

Study on the Fingerprints and Quality Evaluation of Angelica Sinensis Radix by HPLC Coupled With Chemometrics Based on Traditional Decoction Process of ACPTCM

Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Instruments, Reagents and Materials

Preparation of Standard and Sample Solutions

Standard solution preparation

Sample solution preparation

Chromatographic Conditions of HPLC-PAD Analysis

Validation of the Method

Fingerprint Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Results and Discussion

Optimization of HPLC-PAD Method

Method Validation of Quantitative Analysis

Chemometrics Analysis of HPLC Fingerprint

Establishment of chromatographic fingerprint of ASR and similarity analysis (SA)

Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)

Principal component analysis (PCA)

Comprehensive evaluation of ASR from different regions

Conclusions and Discussions

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

ORCID iDs

References