African American men experience a disproportionate burden of prostate cancer (CaP) morbidity and mortality. National screening guidelines advise men to make individualized screening decisions through a process termed informed decision making (IDM). In this pilot study, a computer-tailored decision-aid designed to promote IDM was evaluated using a pre-/posttest design. African American men aged 40 years and older were recruited from a variety of community settings ( n = 108). At pretest, 43% of men reported having made a screening decision; at posttest 47% reported this to be the case (p = .39). Significant improvements were observed between pre- and posttest on scores of knowledge, decision self-efficacy, and decisional conflict. Men were also more likely to want an active role in decision making after using the tool. These results suggest that use of a computer-tailored decision aid is a promising strategy to promote IDM for CaP screening among African American men.
Abernethy, A.D., Magat, M.M., Houston, T.R., Arnold, H.L., Jr., Bjorck, J.P., & Gorsuch, R.L. ( 2005). Recruiting African American men for cancer screening studies: Applying a culturally based model. Health Education and Behavior, 32, 441-451.
2.
Allen, J.D., Bowen, D., Othus, M., Mohllajee, A., Li, Y., Hart, A.L., et al. (2008). Informed decision making about prostate cancer screening among working men: Does it occur? Manuscript submitted for publication.
3.
Allen, J.D., Kennedy, M., Wilson-Glover, A., & Gilligan, T.D. (2007). African American men’s perceptions about prostate cancer: Implications for designing educational interventions. Social Science & medicine, 64, 2189-2200.
4.
American Cancer Society. (2008). American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. Retrieved June 25, 2008, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_2_3X_ACS_Cancer_Detection_Guidelines_36.asp
5.
American Cancer Society. (2007). Cancer facts and figures for African Americans, 2007-2008. Atlanta, GA: Author.
6.
Aronson, W., & Freedland, S.J. (2000). Can we lower the mortality rate of black men with prostate cancer? [editorial]. Journal of Urology, 163, 150-155.
7.
Azjen, I., & Fishbein, M. ( 1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall .
8.
Bandura, A. ( 1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall .
9.
Barber, K.R., Shaw, R., Folts, M., Taylor, D.K., Ryan, A., Hughes, M., et al. (1998). Differences between African American and Caucasian men participating in a community-based prostate cancer screening program. Journal of Community Health, 23, 441-451.
10.
Blocker, D.E., Romocki, L.S., Thomas, K.B., Jones, B.L., Jackson, E.J., Reid, L., et al. (2006). Knowledge, beliefs and barriers associated with prostate cancer prevention and screening behaviors among AfricanAmerican men. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98, 1286-1295.
11.
Boehm, S., Coleman-Burns, P., Schlenk, E.A., Funnell, M.M., Parzuchowski, J., & Powell, I.J. ( 1995). Prostate cancer in African American men: Increasing knowledge and self-efficacy. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 12, 161-169.
12.
Briss, P.A., Rimer, B.K., Reilley, B., Coates, R.C., Lee, N.C., Mullen, P., et al. (2004). Promoting informed decision making about cancer screening: What can communities and health care systems accomplish? Conceptual background and a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26, 67-80.
13.
Bunn, H., & O’Connor, A.M. (1996). Validation of client decision-making instruments in the context of psychiatry. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 28, 13-27.
14.
Campbell, M.K., & Quintiliani, L.M. (2006). Tailored interventions in public health: Where does tailoring fit in interventions to reduce health disparities? American Behavioral Scientist, 49, 775-793.
15.
Campbell, M.K., Resnicow, K., Carr, C., Wang, T., & Williams, A. ( 2007). Process evaluation of an effective church-based diet intervention: Body & soul. Health Education & Behavior , 34, 864-880.
16.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2006). Prostate cancer screening: A decision guide. Retrieved September 12, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/publications/decisionguide/
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, and Division of Adult and Community Health. (2004, October 28). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Online Prevalence Data, 1995-2003 . 2004, Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
18.
Chan, E.C., Vernon, S.W., O’Donnell, F.T., Ahn, C., Greisinger, A., & Aga, D.W. ( 2003). Informed consent for cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen: How well are men getting the message?American Journal of Public Health, 93, 779-785.
19.
Cranney, A., O’Connor, A.M., Jacobsen, M.J., Tugwell, P., Adachi, J.D., Ooi, D.S., et al. (2002). Development and pilot testing of a decision aid for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Patient Education and Counseling, 47, 245-255.
20.
Davison, B.J., Kirk, P., Degner, L.F., & Hassard, T.H. ( 1999). Information and patient participation in screening for prostate cancer. Patient Education and Counseling, 37, 255-263.
21.
Day, J.C., Janus, A., & Davis, J. ( 2005). Computer and Internet use in the United States: 2003 . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
22.
Degner, L.F., Sloan, J.A., & Venkatesh, P. ( 1997). The Control Preferences Scale. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 29, 21-43.
23.
Etzioni, R., Berry, K.M., Legler, J.M., & Shaw, P. ( 2002). Prostate-specific antigen testing in Black and White men: An analysis of Medicare claims from 1991-1998. Urology , 59, 251-255.
24.
Feather, N.T. ( 1982). Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25.
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1980). Knowing what you want: Measuring labile values. In T. S. Wallsten (Ed.), Cognitive processes in choice and decision behavior (pp. 117-141). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
26.
Flood, A.B., Wennberg, J.E., Nease, R.G., Jr., Fowler, Jr., Ding, J., Hynes, L.M., et al. (1996). The importance of patient preference in the decision to screen for prostate cancer, Prostate Patient Outcomes Research Team. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 11, 342-349.
27.
Frosch, D.L., Kaplan, R.M., & Felitti, V. ( 2001). Evaluation of two methods of facilitate shared decision making for men considering the prostate-specific antigen test. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 391-398.
28.
Frosch, D.L., Kaplan, R.M., & Felitti, V.J. ( 2003). A randomized controlled trial comparing internet and video to facilitate patient education for men considering the prostate specific antigen test. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 781-787.
29.
Gattellari, M., & Ward, J.E. ( 2003). Does evidence-based information about screening for prostate cancer enhance consumer decision-making? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Medical Screening, 10, 27-39.
30.
Gattellari, M., & Ward, J.E. ( 2005). A community-based randomised controlled trial of three different educational resources for men about prostate cancer screening. Patient Education and Counseling, 57, 168-182.
31.
Gilligan, T., Wang, P., Levin, R., Kantoff, P.W., & Avorn, J. ( 2004). Racial differences in screening for prostate cancer in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 1858-1864.
32.
Godley, P.A., Schenck, A.P., Amamoo, M.A., Schoenbach, V.J., Peacock, S., Manning, M., et al. (2003). Racial differences in mortality among Medicare recipients after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95, 1702-1710.
33.
Health Survey Program, Center for Health Information, Research and Evaluation, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. ( 2002). Massachusetts behavioral risk factor surveillance system . Retrieved March 12, 2006, from http://www.mass.gov/dph/bhsre/cdsp/brfss/02survey.pdf
34.
Hesse, B.W., Nelson, D., Kreps, G.L., Croyle, R.T., Arora, N.K., Rimer, B.K., et al. (2005). Trust and sources of health information: The impact of the Internet and its implications for health care providers: Findings from the first Health Information National Trends Survey. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2618-2624.
35.
Jibaja-Weiss, M.L., & Volk, R.J. ( 2007). Utilizing computerized entertainment education in the development of decision AIDS for lower literate and naive computer users. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 681-697.
36.
Jibaja-Weiss, M.L., Volk, R.J., Friedman, L.C., Granchi, T.S., Neff, N.E., Spann, S.J., et al. (2006). Preliminary testing of a just-in-time, user-defined values clarification exercise to aid lower literate women in making informed breast cancer treatment decisions. Health Expectations, 9, 218-231.
37.
Jibaja-Weiss, M.L., Volk, R.J., Granch, T.S., Nefe, N.E., Spann, S.J., Aoki, N., et al. (2006). Entertainment education for informed breast cancer treatment decisions in low-literate women: Development and initial evaluation of a patient decision aid. Journal of Cancer Education , 21, 133-139.
38.
Keeney, R.L., & Raiffa, H. ( 1976). Decisions with multiple objectives: Preferences and value tradeoffs. New York: John Wiley .
39.
Murray, M.A., Miller, T., Fiset, V., O’Connor, A.M., & Jacobsen, M.J. (2004). Decision support: Helping patients and families to find a balance at the end of life. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 10, 270-277.
40.
Myers, R.E. ( 1999). African American men, prostate cancer early detection examination use, and informed decision-making. Seminars in Oncology, 26, 375-381.
41.
Myers, R.E., Daskalakis, C., Cocroft, J., Kunkel, E.J., Delmoor, E., Liberatore, M., et al. (2005). Preparing African American men in community primary care practices to decide whether or not to have prostate cancer screening . Journal of the National Medical Association, 97, 1143-1154.
42.
National Cancer Institute. (2007). FactSheet: The prostate-specific antigen test: Questions and answers. Retrieved December 26, 2007, from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/PSA
43.
Norbeck, J.S. ( 1988). Social support. Annual Review of Nursing Research, 6, 85-109.
44.
O’Connor, A.M. ( 1995). Validation of a decisional conflict scale. Medical Decision Making, 15, 25-30.
45.
O’Connor, A.M., Stacey, D., Entwistle, V., Llewwllyn-Thomas, H., Roverner, D., Holmes-Rovener, M., et al. (2003). Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD001431.
46.
O’Connor, A.M., Tugwell, P., Wells, G.A., Elmslie, T., Jolly, E., Hollingworth, G., et al. (1998). A decision aid for women considering hormone therapy after menopause: Decision support framework and evaluation. Patient Education and Counseling, 33, 267-279.
47.
O’Connor, A., Jacobsen, M.J., & Fiset, V. ( 2000). Patient decision aids. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://decisionaid.ohri.ca/eval.html#StageDecisionMaking
48.
Orem, D.E. ( 1995). Nursing: Concepts of practice (5th ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Mosby.
49.
Partin, M.R., Nelson, D., Radosevich, D., Nugent, S., Flood, A.B., Dillon, N., et al. (2004). Randomized trial examining the effect of two prostate cancer screening educational interventions on patient knowledge, preferences, and behaviors. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 19, 835-842.
50.
Pettaway, C.A. ( 1999). Racial differences in the androgen/ androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer. Journal of the National Medical Association, 91, 653-660.
51.
Pew Internet & American Life Project. ( 2006). Online health care revolution: How the Web helps Americans take better care of themselves. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Health_Report.pdf
52.
Polednak, A.P. ( 2002). Black-White differences in tumor grade (aggressiveness) at diagnosis of prostate cancer, 1992-1998. Ethnicity & Disease, 12, 536-540.
53.
Powell, I.J., Gelfand, D.E., Parzuchowski, J., Heilbrun, L., & Franklin, A. ( 1995). A successful recruitment process of African American men for early detection of prostate cancer. Cancer, 75, 1880-1884.
54.
Reddy, S., Shapiro, M., Morton, R.J., & Brawley, O.W. ( 2003). Prostate cancer in Black and White Americans. Cancer Metastasis Review, 22, 83-86.
55.
Rimer, B.K., Briss, P.A., Zeller, P.K., Chan, E.C., & Woolf, S.H. ( 2004). Informed decision making: What is its role in cancer screening? Cancer, 101(Suppl. 5), 1214-1228.
56.
Ruthman, J.L., & Ferrans, C.E. ( 2004). Efficacy of a video for teaching patients about prostate cancer screening and treatment. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 292-295.
57.
Sanchez, M.A., Bowen, D.J., Hart, A., Jr., & Spigner, C. ( 2007). Factors influencing prostate cancer screening decisions among AfricanAmerican men. Ethnicity & Disease, 17, 374-380.
58.
Shapira, M.M., & VanRuiswyk, J. (2000). The effect of an illustrated pamphlet decision-aid on the use of prostate cancer screening tests. Journal of Family Practice, 49, 418-424.
59.
Steele, C.B., Miller, D.S., Maylahn, C., Uhler, R.J., & Baker, C.T. ( 2000). Knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among older men regarding prostate cancer. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1595-1600.
60.
Talcott, J.A., Spain, P., Clark, J.A., Carpenter, W.R., Do, Y.K., Hamilton, R.J., et al. (2007). Hidden barriers between knowledge and behavior: The North Carolina prostate cancer screening and treatment experience. Cancer, 109, 1599-1606.
61.
Taylor, K.L., Davis, J.L. 3rd, Turner, R., Johnson, L., Schwartz, M.D., Kerner, J.F., et al. (2006). Educating African American men about the prostate cancer-screening dilemma: A randomized intervention. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 15, 2179-2188.
62.
Taylor, K.L., Turner, R.O., Davis, J.L., 3rd, Johnson, L., Schwartz, M.D., Kerner, J., et al. (2001). Improving knowledge of the prostate cancer screening dilemma among African American men: An academic-community partnership in Washington, DC. Public Health Reports, 116, 590-598.
63.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. ( 1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice . Science, 211, 453-458.
64.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2002 ). Summaries for patients: Screening for prostate cancer, a recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 148.
65.
Underwood, W., De Monner, S., Ubel, P., Fagerlin, A., Sanda, M.G., & Wei, J.T. ( 2004). Racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of localized/regional prostate cancer. Journal of Urology, 171, 1504-1507.
66.
Viswanath, K., & Kreuter, M.W. ( 2007). Health disparities, communication inequalities, and eHealth . American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, S131-S133.
67.
Volk, R.J., Cass, A.R., & Spann, S.J. ( 1999). A randomized controlled trial of shared decision making for prostate cancer screening. Archives of Family Medicine , 8, 333-340.
68.
Volk, R.J., Hawley, S.T., Kneuper, S., Holden, E.W., Stroud, L.A., Cooper, C.P., et al. (2007). Trials of decision aids for prostate cancer screening: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 428-434.
69.
Volk, R.J., Spann, S.J., Cass, A.R., & Hawley, S.T. ( 2003). Patient education for informed decision making about prostate cancer screening: A randomized controlled trial with one-year follow-up . Annals of Family Medicine, 1, 22-28.
70.
Watson, E., Hewitson, P., Brett, J., Bukach, C., Evans, R., Edwards, A., et al. (2006). Informed decision making and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer: A randomised controlled trial exploring the impact of a brief patient decision aid on men’s knowledge, attitudes and intention to be tested. Patient Education and Counseling , 63, 367-379.
71.
Weinrich, S., Holford, D., Boyd, M., Creanga, D., Cover, K., Johnson, A., et al. (1998). Prostate cancer education in AfricanAmerican churches. Public Health Nursing, 15, 188-195.
72.
Weinrich, S.P., Boyd, M.D., Weinrich, M., Greene, F., Reynolds, W.A., Jr. , & Metlin, C. (1998). Increasing prostate cancer screening in African American men with peer-educator and client-navigator interventions. Journal of Cancer Education, 13, 213-219.
73.
Weinstein, N.D. ( 1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7, 355-386.
74.
Wilkinson, S., List, M., Sinner, M., Dai, L., & Chodak, G. ( 2003). Educating African American men about prostate cancer: Impact on awareness and knowledge. Urology, 61, 308-313.
75.
Wilt, T.J., Paul, J., Murdoch, M., Nelson, D., Nugent, S., & Rubins, H.B. ( 2001). Educating men about prostate cancer screening: A randomized trial of a mailed pamphlet. Effective Clinical Practice, 4, 112-120.
76.
Zeliadt, S.B., Potosky, A.L., Etzioni, R., Ramsey, S.D., & Penson, D.F. ( 2004). Racial disparity in primary and adjuvant treatment for nonmetastatic prostate cancer: SEER-Medicare trends 1991 to 1999. Urology, 64, 1171-1176.
