Dietary Intake of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea

Abstract

Background:

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a common form of secondary amenorrhea caused partly by undernutrition relative to demand.

Objective:

To compare the dietary nutritional intake between women with FHA and eumenorrheic controls and evaluate micronutrient profiles.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study included 30 women with FHA and 29 eumenorrheic controls not on hormones. FHA was defined as ≥3 consecutive months of amenorrhea, estradiol of <50 pg/mL, and FSH and LH of <10 mIU/L, excluding other etiologies. A 3-day food diary was collected for dietary analysis, excluding dietary supplements using ESHA Research Food Processor.

Results:

The mean age of women with FHA and controls was 26.4 years ± 6.2 versus 30.3 years ± 3.7 (p = 0.002), with no differences in BMI (p = 0.16) or the waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.71). Women with FHA and controls consumed comparable median calorie intake (1784 kcal [1465, 2011] vs. 1732 kcal [1578, 1982], p = 0.62), with no differences in self-reported exercise patterns. Women with FHA consumed more dietary protein (84.2g [74, 112] vs. 74 g [59, 92], p = 0.001) and dietary fiber (30.1 g [22, 43] vs. 17.3 g [15, 23], p = 0.02) versus controls, respectively. When expressed as a percentage of estimated average requirements (% estimated average requirement), women with FHA had higher intakes of vitamin A (105% [45, 219] vs. 43% [21, 86], p = 0.005), vitamin C (201% [139, 351] vs. 107% [75, 190], p = 0.004), and iron (169% [146, 220] vs. 120% [99, 192], p = 0.027) compared with controls.

Conclusions:

Women with FHA had similar caloric intake to eumenorrheic controls but consumed more dietary protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, and iron. Future studies should examine the nutritional profiles of women with FHA in relation to long-term health consequences such as bone and vascular health.