There is little assessment to provide specific information about quality of bilateral upper extremity movement specifically. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Yonsei-Bilateral Activity Test (Y-BAT). An observational cross-sectional design was used with 100 stroke survivors. Unidimensionality was examined using factor analyses, and Rasch analysis was used to test rating scale structure, fit statistics, and precision of the Y-BAT. The Y-BAT demonstrated a unidimensional measurement construct, and 19 of the 27 items fit the Rasch model. The instrument demonstrated good precision, including person reliability and person strata. The Y-BAT estimated person measures within a wide range of theta values with a reliability of .9 with good precision. Our results indicate that a revised, 19-item version of the Y-BAT demonstrates sound internal validity and may be a useful instrument for clinicians to measure upper extremity function with good precision following stroke.
BaghaeiP. (2008). The Rasch model as a construct validation tool. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 22(1), 1145–1146.
2.
BarrecaS. R.StratfordP. W.LambertC. L.MastersL. M.StreinerD. L. (2005). Test-retest reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory: A new measure of upper-limb function for survivors of stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(8), 1616–1622.
3.
BlandJ. M.AltmanD. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach’s alpha. The British Medical Journal, 314, Article 572.
4.
BondT. G.FoxC. M. (2007). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum.
5.
CellaD.ChangC. H. (2000). A discussion of item theory and its applications in health status assessment. Medical Care, 38(9 Suppl.), II66–72.
6.
ChenH. F.WuC. Y.LinK. C.ChenH. C.ChenC. P.ChenC. K. (2012). Rasch validation of the streamlined Wolf Motor Function Test in people with chronic stroke and subacute stroke. Physical Therapy, 92(8), 1017–1026.
7.
de AraújoR. C.RochaD. N.PitanguiA. C.PinottiM. (2014). The influence of dynamic orthosis training on upper extremity function after stroke: A pilot study. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 5(1), 55–66.
8.
DesrosiersJ.BravoG.HébertR.DutilÉ.MercierL. (1994). Validation of the Box and Block Test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: Reliability, validity, and norms studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 75(7), 751–755.
9.
DesrosiersJ.HébertR.BravoG.DutilÉ. (1995). Upper extremity performance test for the elderly (TEMPA): Normative data and correlates with sensorimotor parameters. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76(12), 1125–1129.
GustafssonL. A.TurpinM. J.DormanC. M. (2010). Clinical utility of the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory for stroke rehabilitation. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(3), 167–173.
12.
HaleyS. M.NiP.LudlowL. H.Fragala-PinkhanM. A. (2006). Measurement precision and efficiency of multidimensional computer adaptive testing of physical functioning using the pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87(9), 1223–1229.
13.
HarvillL. M. (1991). Standard error of measurement. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 10(2), 33–41.
14.
HatemS. M.SaussezG.FailleM. D.PristV.ZhangX.DispaD.BleyenheuftY. (2016). Rehabilitation of motor function after stroke: A multiple systematic review focused on techniques to stimulate upper extremity recovery. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article 442.
15.
HaytonJ. C.AllenD. G.ScarpelloV. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191–205.
16.
HongS.KimB.WolfM. (2005). A psychometric reversion of the European American values scale for Asian Americans using the Rasch model. Measurement and Education in Counseling and Development, 37, 194–207.
17.
HungC. S.LinK. C.ChangW. Y.HuangW. C.ChangY. J.ChenC. L.. . . LeeY. Y. (2019). Unilateral vs. bilateral hybrid approaches for upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100, 2225–2232.
18.
JohnsonD.HarrisJ.StratfordP.RichardsonJ. (2017). Inter-rater reliability of the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory. NeuroRehabilitation, 40(2), 201–209.
19.
KoppB.KunkelA.FlorH.PlatzT.RoseU.MauritzK.-H.. . . TaubE. (1997). The arm motor ability test: Reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of an instrument for assessing disabilities in activities of daily living. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(6), 615–620.
20.
LeeJ. H. (2016). Development of the bilateral upper extremity activity inventory for people with stroke [Doctoral dissertation]. Yonsei University.
21.
LeeJ. H.ParkJ. H. (2018). Development of an item list to assess bilateral upper extremity function of stroke patients with hemiplegia. NeuroRehabilitation, 42(1), 3–42.
22.
LeeM.-J.LeeJ.-H.KooH.-M.LeeS.-M. (2017). Effectiveness of bilateral arm training for improving extremity function and activities of daily living performance in hemiplegic patients. Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases, 26(5), 1020–1025.
23.
LeeY.KimM. Y.ParkJ. H.ParkH. Y. (2017). Comparison of the effects of bilateral and unilateral training after stroke: A meta-analysis. NeuroRehabilitation, 40(3), 301–313.
24.
LemmensR. J.TimmermansA. A.Janssen-PottenY. J.SmeetsR. J.SeelenH. A. (2012). Valid and reliable instruments for arm-hand assessment at ICF activity level in persons with hemiplegia: A systematic review. BMC Neurology, 12(1), Article 21.
25.
LinK.ChenY.ChenC.WuC.ChangY. (2009). The effects of bilateral arm training on motor control and functional performance in chronic stroke: A randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair, 24(1), 42–51.
26.
LinacreJ. M. (1994). Sample size and item calibration stability. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 7(4), 328.
27.
LinacreJ. M. (2002). Optimizing rating scale category effectiveness. Journal of Applied Measurement, 3(1), 85–106.
28.
LinacreJ. M. (2016). Winsteps® Rasch measurement computer program user’s guide. Winsteps.com.
29.
LunzM. E.StahlJ. A. (1993). The effect of rater severity on person ability measure: A Rasch model analysis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47(4), 311–317.
30.
MorrisD. M.UswatteG.CragoJ. E.CookE. W.TaubE. (2001). The reliability of the Wolf Motor Function Test for assessing upper extremity function after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(6), 750–755.
31.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (2015). Mplus.
32.
O’DellM. W.KimG.RiveraL.FieoR.ChristosP.PolistenaC.. . . GorgaD. (2013). A psychometric evaluation of the arm motor ability test. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 45(6), 519–527.
33.
ParsaeeM.DehkordiS. N.DadgooM.AkbarfahimiM. (2014). Impaired ipsilateral upper extremity dexterity and its relationship with disability in post-stroke right hemiparesis. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences and Research, 1(3), 47–51.
34.
RaschG. (1960). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Danmarks Paedagogiske Institut.
35.
ReeveB. B.HaysR. D.BjornerJ. B.CookK. F.CraneP. K.TeresiJ. A., . . . PROMIS Cooperative Group. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: Plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45(5Suppl. 1), S22–S31.
36.
RogersJ. H.SwaminathanH.HambletonR. K. (1991). Fundamentals of item response theory Measurement methods for the social sciences series. SAGE.
37.
SchiefelbeinM. L.SalazarA. P.MarcheseR. R.RechK. D.SchifinoG. P.FigueiredoC. S.. . . PagnussatA. S. (2019). Upper-limb movement smoothness after stroke and its relationship with measures of body function/structure and activity: A cross-sectional study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 401, 75–78.
38.
StoykovM. E.CorcosD. M. (2009). A review of bilateral training for upper extremity hemiparesis. Occupational Therapy International, 16(3–4), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.277
39.
SyedN.BiswasA.HanifaN.ParameswaranR. V.SundaramP. (2015). Bilateral versus unilateral upper extremity training on upper limb motor activity in hemiplegia. International Journal of Neurorehabilitation, 2(1), Article 145.
40.
ThielbarK. O.LordT. J.FischerH. C.LazzaroE. C.BarthK. C.StoykovM. E.. . . KamperD. G. (2014). Training finger individuation with a mechatronic-virtual reality system leads to improved fine motor control post-stroke. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 11(1), Article 171.
41.
VelozoC. A.SeelR. T.MagasiS.HeinemannA. W.RomeroS. (2012). Improving measurement methods in rehabilitation: Core concepts and recommendations for scale development. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(8 Suppl.), S154–S163.
42.
WandB. M.ChiffelleL. A.O’ConnellN. E.McAuleyJ. H.DeSouzaL. H. (2010). Self-reported assessment of disability and performance-based assessment of disability are influenced by different patient characteristics in acute low back pain. European Spine Journal, 19(4), 633–640.
43.
WolfA.ScheidererR.NapolitanN.BeldenC.ShaubL.WhitfordM. (2014). Efficacy and task structure of bimanual training post stroke: A systematic review. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 21(3), 181–196.
44.
WoodburyM. L.VelozoC. A.RichardsL. G.DuncanP. W.StudenskiS.LaiS.-M. (2007). Dimensionality and construct validity of the Fugl-Meyer assessment of the upper extremity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(6), 715–723.
45.
WrightB. D.LinacreJ. M.GustafsonJ. E. (2009). Reasonable mean-square fit values. Rasch Measurement Transactions, 8, 370.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
