Leucine-Enkephalin Interrupts Sympathetically Mediated Tachycardia Prejunctionally in the Canine Sinoatrial Node

Abstract

This study examined the role of leucine-enkephalin (LE) in the sympathetic regulation of the cardiac pacemaker. LE was administered by microdialysis into the interstitium of the canine sinoatrial node during either sympathetic nerve stimulation or norepinephrine infusion. In study one, the right cardiac sympathetic nerves were isolated as they exit the stellate ganglion and were stimulated to produce graded (low, 20–30 bpm; high 40–50 bpm) increases in heart rate (HR). LE (1.5 nmoles/min) was added to the dialysis inflow and the sympathetic stimulations were repeated after 5 and 20 min of LE infusion. After 5 min, LE reduced the tachycardia during sympathetic stimulation at both low (18.2 ± 1.3 bpm to 11.4 ± 1.4 bpm) and high (45 ± 1.5 bpm to 22.8 ± 1.5 bpm) frequency stimulations. The Inhibition was maintained during 20 min of continuous LE exposure with no evidence of opioid desensitization. The δ-opioid antagonist, naltrindole (1.1 nmoles/min), restored only 30% of the sympathetic tachycardia. Nodal δ-receptors are vagolytic and vagal stimulations were included in the protocol as positive controls. LE reduced vagal bradycardia by 50% and naltrindole completely restored the vagal bradycardia. In Study 2, additional opioid antagonists were used to determine if alternative opioid receptors might be implicated in the sympatholytic response. Increasing doses of the K-antagonist, norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), were combined with LE during sympathetic stimulation. NorBNI completely restored the sympathetic tachycardia with an ED₅₀ of 0.01 nmoles/min. A single dose of the μ-antagonist, CTAP (1.0 nmoles/min), failed to alter the sympatholytic effect of LE. Study 3 was conducted to determine if the sympatholytic effect was prejunctional or postjunctional in character. Norepinephrine was added to the dialysis Inflow at a rate (30–45 pmoles/min) sufficient to produce intermediate increases (35.2 ± 1.8 bpm) in HR. LE was then combined with norepinephrine and responses were recorded at 5-min intervals for 20 min. The tachycardia mediated by added norepinephrine was unaltered by LE or LE plus naltrindole. At the same 5-min intervals, LE reduced vagal bradycardia by more than 50%. This vagolytic effect was again completely reversed by naltrindole. Collectively, these observations support the hypothesis that the local nodal sympatholytic effect of LE was mediated by κ-opioid receptors that reduced the effective interstitial concentration of norepinephrine and not the result of a postjunctional interaction between LE and norepinephrine.