Conditions in the West and ranching culture, including the rural geography, the cowboy mystique, the social fabric of the rural lifestyle, and the “health” of agriculture can negatively impact the delivery of rural health services and the attitude of ranchers and farmers toward seeking help for personal problems. This paper outlines how these conditions may create a behavioral hazard to ranchers, farmers and individuals in the West. Also highlighted are strategies that exist to improve the availability and acceptance of rural behavioral health services.
Beeson, P. (1999). Farm crisis and mental health summit: A summary of findings. In P. Beeson (Ed.), Party-line (pp. 28-29). St. Cloud, MN: National Association for Rural Mental Health.
2.
Braggs, B. (2000, August 27). Isolation access to guns tied to West’s soaring rate. The Denver Post, pp. A1-A1, A22-A22, A24-A24.
3.
Brannon, R. (1985). Dimensions of the male sex role in America. In A. Sargent (Ed.), Beyond Sex Roles (pp. 296-316). St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
4.
Brooks, G. (1998). A new psychotherapy for traditional men. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5.
Ciarlo, P., Wackwitz, J., Wagenfeld, M., & Mohatt, M. (1996). Focusing on “frontier”: Isolated rural America. Retrieved May 5, 2003, from http://www.wiche.edu/MentalHealth/Frontier/letter2.html.
6.
Cohen, H. (1998). Men have tears in them: The other cowboy hero. [Electronic version]. Journal of American Culture, 21(4), 57-79.
7.
Cook, S., & Heppner, P. (1997). Coping, control, problem-solving appraisal, and depression symptoms during a farm crisis. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 19(1), 64-75.
8.
Corinne, J. (2003). Frontier communities: Leading the way with innovative approaches to behavioral health. Paper presented at the Clock is Ticking for Rural America: A Behavioral Health and Safety Conference, Kansas City, MO.
9.
Davis, T. (1995, May 15). Politics and threats keep cows on public land. High Country News Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http://www.hcn.org/servlets/hcn.Article?article_id=1049.
10.
Duncan, D. (1993). Miles from nowhere. New York: Penguin Books.
11.
Fetsch, R., & Zimmerman, T. (1999). Marriage and family consultation with ranch and farm families: An empirical family case study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 25, 485-501.
12.
Frontier Mental Health Services Resource Network. (n.d.). States with frontier populations. Retrieved May 6, 2003, from http://www.wiche.edu/MentalHealth/Frontier/fronsta7.html.
13.
Garfinkle, P. (1985). In a man’s world: Father, son, brother, friend, and other roles men play. New York: New American Library.
14.
Geller, J., Beeson, P., & Rodenhiser, R. (2000). Frontier mental health strategies: Integrating, reaching out, building up, and connecting. Retrieved November 3, 2003, from http://wiche/edu/MentalHealth/Frontier/letter6.html.
15.
Hargrove, D. (1986). Rural community psychology and the farm foreclosure crisis. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 7(2), 16-26.
16.
Harris, I. (1995). Messages men hear: Constructing masculinity. Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis, Inc.
17.
Hassrick, P. (1993-94, Winter). The Wyoming cowboy’s evolving image. Wyoming Annals, 65(4), 8-9, 18-19.
18.
Heffernan, J. (1999). Mental health and ministry: The vital connection. In P. Beeson (Ed.), Party-line (pp. 16-18). St. Cloud, MN: National Association for Rural Mental Health.
19.
Ingram, H. (1998). Place humanists at the head gates. In H. Rothman (Ed.), Reopening the American West (pp. 155-167). Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
20.
Jackson, G., & Cook, C. (1999). Disaster mental health: Crisis counseling programs for the rural community. Washington, D.C.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (DHHS Publication No. SMA 99-3378).
21.
Kaplan, M., & Geling, O. (1998). Firearm suicides and homicides in the United States: Regional variations and patterns of gun ownership. Social Science & Medicine46(9), 1227-1333.
22.
McIntosh, J. (2000). U.S.A. suicide: State and regional data, 1990-1999. Retrieved February 12, 2003, from http://www.iusb.edu/%7Ejmcintos/SuicideStates.html.
23.
McKenzie, F. (1999). Impact of declining rural infrastructure. Barton, Australian Capital Territory, AU: Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC Publication No. 99/173-Electronic Version). Retrieved April 16, 2003, from http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/HCC/99_173.pdf.
24.
Mohatt, D. (n.d.). Rural mental health: Challenges and opportunities caring for the country. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education Mental Health Program. Retrieved April 20, 2003, from http://www.nccbh.org/denver/handouts/PDFs/C6-HO1.pdf.
25.
Nathan, P. (2003). Substance abuse in rural America: A growing epidemic? Paper presented at the Clock is Ticking for Rural America: A Behavioral Health and Safety Conference, Kansas City, MO.
26.
Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility - PEER (1997, April 21). Epidemic of violence hitting land management agencies: Agencies in denial. Retrieved January 5, 2004, from http://www.peer.org/action/pr_tide.html.
27.
Reese, P. (2002). Whatever it takes. Successful Farming, 100(7), 18-22.
28.
Robertson, J., & Fitzgerald, L. (1992). Overcoming the masculine mystique: Preferences for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(2), 240-246.
29.
Rosmann, M. (2003, May 1). Integrating mental health services into rural primary care. Paper presented at the Third Annual Wyoming Rural Health Conference, Cheyenne, WY.
30.
Rosmann, M. (2001). A national proposal for a mental health support system for farmers and ranchers. Paper presented at the National Rural Health Association Conference, Dallas, TX.
31.
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (2002). Respondents reporting having a gun in their home. Retrieved January 30, 2004, from http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/1995/pdf/t257.pdf.
32.
Starrs, P. (1998). Let the cowboy ride: Cattle ranching in the American West. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
33.
Stegner, W. (1987). Who are the Westerns? American Heritage, 38(8), 35-41.
34.
Tompkins, J. (1992). West of everything: The inside lives of westerns. New York: Oxford University Press.
35.
U. S. Bureau of Land Management. (2003, April 4). Subsurface acreage managed by the BLM. Retrieved April 28, 2003, from http://www.blm.gov/nhp/facts/acres.htm,
36.
Weigel, R. (2001). The personal nature of agriculture: Men and depression (B-1104). Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service.
37.
Western, S. (2002). Pushed off the mountain sold down the river. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.
38.
Whitaker, B. (1999). Where guns are a way of life. Retrieved May 24, 2004, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/07/09/eveningnews/main53726.shtml
39.
Wische, A., Mahalik, J., Hayes, J., & Nutt, E. (1995). The impact of gender role conflict and counseling technique on psychological help seeking in men. Sex Roles, 33 (1-2), 77-89.
40.
Zimmerman, S., & Owens, P. (1989). Comparing the family policies of three states: A content analysis. Family Relations, 38 (Spring), 190-195.