Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Corduroy fabrics have been widely used in interior decoration currently. This work mainly investigated the acoustical properties of corduroy fabrics in relation to air permeability and airflow resistance. Five specimens with similar surface density and different wale width are used. The results indicated that corduroy fabrics with thicker wale width exhibited higher air permeability and lower airflow resistance. Furthermore, the increased width of wale is beneficial to improve the acoustic absorption of corduroy fabric. Two models based on air permeability and airflow resistance are taken to characterize the acoustical behavior. It has been indicated that Pieren model could well predict the acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabric, and the difference of acoustic absorption is due to the varied air permeability and airflow resistance resulting from the different wale width.

Keywords

Sound absorption acoustic analysis corduroy fabric air permeability equivalent circuit method

Introduction

Textiles are widely used materials for noise reduction applications, including room acoustics, industrial noise, transportation noise, studio acoustics, etc. [1 –3]. Compared with fiber felts and nonwovens, the acoustic absorption properties of woven fabrics are relatively poor due to the thinner thickness. However, the appearance of woven fabric is artistically pleasing and has been generally used for indoor and automobile decorations [4]. The acoustic absorption phenomena of woven fabrics have been studied for a long time. The acoustic wave attenuation mechanism could be mainly attributed to the internal viscothermal dissipative effects, the flow distortion effects, resonant effects, and bending vibration of the fabric [5].

In order to study the acoustic absorption properties of woven structures, some empirical-based works have been done. For instance, it has been found that pile surface, fabric-backing conditions, and various factors determine the total permeability, which would contribute more significantly to sound absorption [6, 7]. Shoshani and Rosenhouse [8] have studied the relationship between the sound absorption coefficient and structural parameters of woven fabrics. The results stated that cover factor has the most significant effect on absorption coefficient, which is particularly emphasized in the curves corresponding to the frequencies ranging from 2000 to 4000 Hz. Recently, Soltani and Zerrebini [9] reported that sound absorption properties of various woven fabric including plain, 2/1 twill, 3/1 twill, 2/2 twill, rib and satin fabrics would be decreased in the named order. The results also revealed that both fabric porosity and surface specific weight have substantial influence on acoustic absorption. Woven fabrics with lower weft yarn twist would absorb acoustic energy more efficiently, and air permeability can be taken as a criterion of sound absorption behavior [10]. Furthermore, a theoretical model for the acoustical behavior of thin woven fabrics backed with air gap space is presented by Pieren [11]. The method is described by airflow resistance and specific surface weight, thus predict the acoustic absorption coefficient. It has been reported that airflow resistance is a reproducible parameter of porous materials, and acoustic absorption coefficient can be predicted by flow resistance [12, 13]. For fibrous materials, air permeability is an easily measured parameter and could be used to evaluate acoustic absorption properties.

Corduroy fabric has enjoyed interest due to its applications extended to home furnishing, such as curtains and carpets, etc. The structure of corduroy fabric consists of two sets of filling yarns and warp yarns. The warp yarns should be strong enough and high evenness to subject the high forces in weaving. The first set is configured with the warp yarns, which is the so-called ground fabric, thus provide the integrity of the structure. The second set of filling yarns forms the floats, and the cutting of the pile is normally done after weaving on a specific machine fitted with circular knives and followed brushing [14, 15]. Considering the special structure and cut pile filling of corduroy fabric, it has potential to improve the acoustic absorption properties. The raised rib on the surface of corduroy fabric is similar with nonwoven, and the ground fabric is woven structure. Therefore, corduroy fabric could be seen as multilayer acoustic absorber consisting of woven and nonwoven fabrics. This compound structure is benefit to the attenuation of acoustic waves. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the acoustical analysis of corduroy fabric has not been reported.

In the present paper, we have first analyzed the sound absorption properties of corduroy fabrics. The acoustic absorption coefficient of five corduroy fabrics with similar surface density and different wale width has been measured and compared. Two parameters including air permeability and airflow resistance which affected the acoustic absorption are discussed. In addition, the difference of acoustic absorption curves of five tested corduroy fabrics has been explained. And wale width was taken as a parameter to evaluate the acoustic properties, which could predict acoustic absorption coefficients intuitively. For this purpose, we use two methods such as empirical-based vibration absorption model and geometry-based Pieren model to characterize the acoustic absorption coefficients. The predicted values are compared with the test data; it has been indicated that the Pieren model could well characterize the acoustic absorption of corduroy fabric at normal incidence.

Materials and methods

All the commercial corduroy fabrics used in this study are made of cotton and are purchased from Lanniya Flagship Store, China. The structural parameters of five corduroy fabrics are listed in Table 1. The air permeability was measured by YG461E numerical type fabric air permeability instrument based on ASTM D737 standard (Standard Test Method for Air permeability of textile fabrics) [16]. The airflow resistance was calculated by a recently published model-based indirect method [5], which showed no significant differences compared to the direct measurement. This model-based indirect model has been widely used to estimate the airflow resistance [11, 17]. The fabric weight and wale width were tested by an electronic balance and precision optical microscope, respectively. It can be seen that the width of wale is gradually increased, while both air permeability and airflow resistance are different.

Table 1.

Physical properties of corduroy fabrics in this study.

	Sample ID	Composition	Weight (g/m²)	Wale width (mm)	Air permeability (mm/s)	Specific airflow resistance (Pa s/m)
Fine	C-1	Cotton	278.7	0.08	48.08	1986
Mid-fine	C-2	Cotton	270.3	0.12	43.20	2038
Middle	C-3	Cotton	285.6	0.23	62.14	1681
Mid-wide	C-4	Cotton	266.3	0.39	181.85	625
Wide	C-5	Cotton	279.7	0.48	223.86	472

Currently, impedance tube has been widely taken to measure the acoustic absorption coefficient of porous materials. In this study, SW-260 double-microphones standing wave tube was used to analyze the acoustical characteristic of corduroy fabrics. The schematic illustration of acoustic absorption measurement is shown in Figure 1. The equipment consists of a loudspeaker, a digital frequency analysis system, an impedance tube, a power amplifier, two precision sound level microphones, etc. The test process was based on the method of ASTM E 1050 (Standing Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustic Properties Using a Tube, Two Microphones and a Digital Frequency Analysis System) [18]. Circular test samples with a diameter of 35 and 80 mm were used to measure the absorption properties at high- and mid-low frequency, respectively. Incident acoustic signals propagate as plane waves in the impedance tube, where incident and reflected wave signals are picked up and analyzed. The coefficient of normal acoustic absorption was calculated by the VA-lab system using computer. In the present work, the test was repeated three times and the average values were reported. The optical images of measured five corduroy fabrics are shown in Figure 2. It could be seen from Figure 2(a) and (b) that the width of stripes is gradually increased for C-1 to C-5 fabrics in sequence. In Figure 2(c), the ground fabric could be observed for C-3, C-4, and C-5 specimens, while the ground structure was totally covered by the surface pile filling of C-1 and C-2 fabrics.

Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of acoustic absorption measurement system with different back cavity.

Figure 2.

Corduroy fabrics in this study: (a) circular specimens used in the acoustic absorption test, (b) photographs to display the stripes morphology of corduroy fabrics, and (c) optical images with the magnification of 30 times.

Theoretical basis and models

Generally, fibrous materials are classified as thin sheet fabric and bulk fiber assemblies according to the thickness compared with acoustic wavelength. The thickness of sheet fabric is much smaller than the wavelength, while the thickness of bulk fiber assemblies is equal or larger than wavelength. The acoustic wave attenuation in bulk fiber assemblies is mainly controlled by viscous and thermal effects, and solid density, etc. However, the acoustic absorption properties of sheet fabrics are determined by the viscous effects and surface area density [19]. In this section, two reported methods including vibration absorption model and Pieren model related to the acoustic absorption of thin fabric are described.

Vibration absorption model

The schematic illustration of sound absorption structure with air gap is shown in Figure 3. It has been found that the acoustical behavior of thin fabric could be described by a simple parameter of air gap distance D. The model is based on the maximal acoustic absorption coefficient at the odd number multiplication of 1/4 wavelength and the minimal acoustic absorption coefficient at the integer number multiplication of 1/4 wavelength [8, 20]. Therefore, the absorption coefficient is assumed to be positively proportional to the wave amplitude in impedance tube. Y is the amplitude maximum and ω is angular frequency. The wave vibration equation is as follows

y = Y | sin ω t |

(1)

Figure 3.

Illustration of sound absorption structure with air gap.

The expression of acoustic absorption coefficient can be shown as follows

α = KY | sin ω t | = A | sin 2 π ft | = A | sin (2 π ct / λ) |

(2)

in which c, f, λ representing sound velocity, frequency, and wavelength, respectively. In the above equation, we let A = KY. A is the theoretical value of maximum acoustic absorption coefficient and it is assumed to be 1. K is taken to describe the relationship between amplitude maximum and acoustic absorption coefficient. During the propagation of acoustic wave in an impedance tube, the hard wall behind the thin fabric is taken as zero point. Then we get D = ct at the position of thin fabric; the rigid back wall of air gap is the zero point of acoustic wave. Hence, the expression of acoustic absorption coefficient can be further described as follows [21]

α = A | sin (\frac{2 π D}{λ}) | = A | sin (\frac{2 π Df}{c}) |

(3)

It has been reported that the theoretical tendency is completely identical with the measured values when A equals to 1. The value range of α is 0–1. Air permeability is an important parameter which determines the acoustical behavior. The relationship between acoustic absorption coefficient and air permeability has been investigated [10, 22]. It has been stated that acoustic absorption properties were strongly affected by air permeability. Furthermore, an empirical formula was obtained as follows [21]

A = 0.9 - \frac{| 200 - Q |}{1000}

(4)

α = (0.9 - \frac{| 200 - Q |}{1000}) | sin (\frac{2 π Df}{c}) |

(5)

where Q is the air permeability of thin fabric (mm/s). It should be noted that the above-mentioned formulas could well characterize the acoustic behavior of a majority of fabrics. There is a certain range of thickness to describe the applicability of models, where the thickness is usually less than 1 cm. The model is suitable for various air gap distances theoretically. And the applicability of vibration model with air gap higher than 5 cm has been validated. However, the applicability of this model with smaller air gap distance has not been studied. Hence, in the present work, we investigated the feasibility of empirical vibration absorption model for corduroy at the air gap distance of 1, 2, and 3 cm respectively.

Figure 4.

Equivalent electrical circuit of corduroy fabric sound absorption model.

Pieren model with air gap

The acoustical absorption behavior of thin fabric could be described by equivalent circuit method, as shown in Figure 4. In this analogy process, various physical elements are represented by equivalent electrical elements. Therefore, the ratio of sound pressure and sound velocity yields an acoustic impedance [23, 24]. The airflow resistance R_s is taken to describe the acoustical energy loss inside the thin fabric, which is mainly attributed to the viscous friction effects. Z_m is represented by an inductor with inductance m, which is the surface mass density (kg/m²), and Z_m = jωm. The velocity of acoustic wave and fabric has to be summed up, which corresponding to the parallel connection of impedance R_s and Z_M, as follows

Z_{s} = \frac{j ω {mR}_{s}}{j ω m + R_{s}} = \frac{R_{s} (ω m)^{2}}{R_{s}^{2} + (ω m)^{2}} + j \frac{R_{s}^{2} ω m}{R_{s}^{2} + (ω m)^{2}}

(6)

The impedance of back air gap at normal incidence could be described as follows

Z_{c} = - {jZ}_{0} \cot (k_{0} D)

(7)

where Z₀ is the characteristic impedance of air, Z₀ = ρc, ρ is the density of air, and c is the acoustic wave velocity in air. In addition, k₀ denotes the wave number in air with k₀ = ω/c and ω = 2πf. The surface impedance Z_T of corduroy fabric could be given as follows

Z_{T} = Z_{s} + Z_{c} = \frac{R_{s} (ω m)^{2}}{R_{s}^{2} + (ω m)^{2}} + j (\frac{R_{s}^{2} (ω m)}{R_{s}^{2} + (ω m)^{2}} - Z_{0} cot (2 π fD))

(8)

According to the calculated surface impedance Z_T, the normal acoustic absorption coefficient could be characterized as follows

α = 1 - | r |^{2} = 1 - | \frac{Z_{T} - Z_{0}}{Z_{T} + Z_{0}} |^{2} = \frac{4 Re (z)}{(Re (z) + 1)^{2} + (Im (z))^{2}}

(9)

where r denotes the reflection coefficient of corduroy fabric and z = Z_T/Z₀ is the normalized surface impedance [11].

Results and discussion

Acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics

The measured results of five corduroy fabrics with different air gaps are shown in Table 2. The average acoustic absorption coefficient over the frequency range from 100 to 6300 Hz was calculated by the following equation

α = \frac{\int_{F 1}^{F 2} α (f) df}{F_{2} - F_{1}}

(10)

where F₁ is the lower bound of the sound frequency in measurement and F₂ is the upper bound of the sound frequency in measurement. In this work, F₁ is 100 Hz and F₂ is 6300 Hz. It can be observed from Table 2 that the acoustic absorption is weak for all the five fabrics without air gap. C-1 sample has the highest acoustic absorption coefficient with 1 cm air gap distance. The other four samples exhibited the best acoustic absorption properties when the distance is 2 cm. It is due to that optimum distance is determined by the intrinsic characteristics of fibrous materials, and the optimal air gap distance vary depending on different fabrics.

Table 2.

Average acoustic absorption coefficient of five corduroy fabrics with different back air gap.

	Without air gap	1 cm air gap	2 cm air gap	3 cm air gap
C-1	0.327	0.519	0.454	0.468
C-2	0.264	0.464	0.465	0.433
C-3	0.287	0.607	0.636	0.562
C-4	0.214	0.717	0.767	0.665
C-5	0.202	0.718	0.773	0.639

It could be seen that all corduroy fabrics showed poor sound absorption properties without air gap. The presence of back air gap can obviously increase the acoustic absorption coefficients. In addition, as shown in Figure 5, both C-4 and C-5 have relatively good acoustic absorption properties at high-frequency range when the air gap distance is 1 and 2 cm. With the air gap increased to 3 cm, the acoustic absorption peak moved to lower frequency. However, for C-1, C-2, and C-3 samples, the maximized acoustic absorption coefficient was observed at low frequency, as listed in Tables 3 to 5. It should be pointed out that Δf is the frequency range of coefficient higher than 0.5, which is taken to describe the effective absorption frequencies. Air gap plays an important role in the acoustic absorption behavior of sheet fibrous materials. Both average and peak acoustic absorption coefficients are affected by the presence of air gap. The acoustic impedance of air is determined by the thickness of air gap behind the fabric, and the frequency-dependent acoustic wave transmission path is also limited by the cavity length. Therefore, the different distance of air gap will cause the different absorption coefficients.

Figure 5.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics with vibration absorption model.

Table 3.

Detailed acoustic absorption properties of corduroy fabrics with different 1 cm air gap.

	Δf of coefficient higher than 0.5 (Hz)	Absorption bandwidth m	α_max	Frequency of α_max (Hz)
C-1	[820,1820], [2616,6300]	1.15, 1.27	0.825	1324
C-2	[924,2548], [2736,3766]	1.46, 0.46	0.866	3166
C-3	[1250,6300]	2.33	0.881	1696
C-4	[1508,6300]	2.06	0.958	5284
C-5	[1532,6300]	2.04	1.000	4776

Table 4.

Detailed acoustic absorption properties of corduroy fabrics with different 2 cm air gap.

	Δf of coefficient higher than 0.5 (Hz)	Absorption bandwidth m	α_max	Frequency of α_max (Hz)
C-1	[494,762], [836,2232]	0.63, 1.42	0.896	1636
C-2	[826,1720], [2174,2572], [2714,3564]	1.06, 0.24, 0.39	1.000	1066
C-3	[734,6300]	3.10	0.938	1108
C-4	[928,6300]	2.76	0.980	2566
C-5	[856,6300]	2.88	0.997	2626

Table 5.

Detailed acoustic absorption properties of corduroy fabrics with different 3 cm air gap.

	Δf of coefficient higher than 0.5 (Hz)	Absorption bandwidth m	α_max	Frequency of α_max (Hz)
C-1	[542,3160], [5676,6106]	2.54, 0.11	0.877	788
C-2	[688,1664], [2152,3454]	1.27, 0.68	0.993	928
C-3	[548,4650]	3.08	0.932	882
C-4	[740,5010]	2.76	0.977	1746
C-5	[758,4678], [6122,6300]	2.63, 0.04	0.996	2098

The octave frequency range of coefficient higher than 0.5 for five corduroy fabrics was calculated based on the formula of f₂/f₁ = 2 ^m , where m is the octave frequency range (Δf), f₁ and f₂ are the start and terminated frequency peak of coefficient higher than 0.5. The results indicated that C-3, C-4, and C-5 fabrics have octave frequency range higher than 2 with 1 cm air gap. Especially, the octave frequency range increased to approximately 3 when the air gap is 2 or 3 cm. It should be noted that C-1 and C-2 have at least two separated octave frequency range resulted by the serve fluctuation of absorption curves at low- and middle-frequency range. Therefore, it can be stated that a wider width of the wale can improve the acoustic absorption properties. To further study the difference of five corduroy fabrics, two simulation methods characterized the acoustical behavior in the following sections.

Predicted results based on vibration absorption model

Vibration absorption model was used to describe the acoustical behavior of corduroy fabrics. Figure 5 shows the measured and predicted acoustic absorption coefficients for corduroy fabrics with air gap. The difference of four kinds of curves is mainly due to the different distance of air gap. Based on the acoustic absorption theory of fibrous materials, acoustic absorption curves and coefficients are determined by the distance of air gap. Vibration model could roughly describe the trend of acoustic absorption properties when the air gap is 2 and 3 cm. As for five samples with 1 cm air gap, the prediction curve could not well describe the acoustic characteristics. However, the acoustic absorption properties of C-4 and C-5 specimens could be simulated with certain deviation. Hence, vibration absorption model is ineffective in predicting the acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics. To compare the prediction accuracy of established models, the error rate was calculated by the following equation (11). The results of different fabrics were shown in Figure 6.

Error rate = \frac{Measured coefficients - Predicted coefficients}{Measured coefficients}

(11)

Figure 6.

Error rate between measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics with vibration absorption model.

In order to confirm the effects of air permeability on sound absorption, a revised vibration absorption model has been established by considering the air permeability of fabric, as shown in equations (4) and (5). Figures 7 to 11 compared the simulated and measured values of acoustic absorption. The predicted error rate of five corduroy fabrics is shown in Figure 12. The results indicated that the deviations of C-1 and C-2 are smaller than C-3, C-4, and C-5 samples. However, Figures 7 and 8 demonstrate that the predicted curves did not describe the tendency of measured values adequately. Similarly, with the vibration absorption model without considering the air permeability, a revised model could better characterize the acoustical behavior of corduroy fabrics with thicker wale width. The reason could be attributed to the applicability of vibration absorption model, where acoustic absorption coefficient is affected by the air permeability of fabric [21]. Therefore, in the next section, we have simulated the acoustic absorption properties of five corduroy fabrics with geometrical structure based on the Pieren model.

Figure 7.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-1 corduroy fabric with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Figure 8.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-2 corduroy fabric with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Figure 9.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-3 corduroy fabric with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Figure 10.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-4 corduroy fabric with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Figure 11.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-5 corduroy fabric with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Figure 12.

Error rate between measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics with vibration absorption model considering air permeability.

Predicted results based on Pieren model

The geometry-based Pieren model involves surface area mass density, air gap distance, and airflow resistance. Specifically, this model is described by a set of formulas including equations (6) to (9). In this section, the measured and predicted results of five corduroy fabrics are shown in Figures 13 to 17. Generally, the measured and predicted curves agree better than the vibration absorption model, and the error rate can be seen in Figure 18. However, it is similar to the vibration absorption model in that the prediction deviation of thick wale corduroy fabric is higher than fine wale corduroy fabric. The results could be attributed to the enhanced resonance effects of fabrics with low air permeability. Therefore, the fabrics gradually exhibited the acoustical characteristics similar to synthetic films [25]. In detail, the airflow resistance values of the five corduroy fabrics in this study are significantly higher than that of Pieren’s work. For example, the airflow resistance of C-1 and C-2 sample was 1986 and 2038 Pa s/m, respectively, which is much higher than the values reported by Pieren [11]. C-4 and C-5 have relatively low airflow resistance and high air permeability, therefore, the model of Pieren could better characterize the acoustical behavior. The intrinsic characteristics of five corduroy fabrics can be indirectly described by airflow resistance, thus making the difference in acoustic absorption. It can be stated that the acoustic absorption properties of corduroy fabrics can be well characterized according to the parameters of surface mass density, airflow resistance, and air permeability.

Figure 13.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-1 corduroy fabric with Pieren model.

Figure 14.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-2 corduroy fabric with Pieren model.

Figure 15.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-3 corduroy fabric with Pieren model.

Figure 16.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-4 corduroy fabric with Pieren model.

Figure 17.

Measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of C-5 corduroy fabric with Pieren model.

Figure 18.

Error rate between measured and simulated acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics with Pieren model.

In this study, the vibration model is based on the maximal acoustic absorption coefficient at the odd number multiplication of 1/4 wavelength and the minimal acoustic absorption coefficient at the integer number multiplication of 1/4 wavelength. A modified empirical formula is established by considering the role of air permeability of thin fabric, as shown in equations (4) and (5). Therefore, in Figure 6, the error rate of C-1 and C-2 is conspicuously different from that of C-3, C-4, and C-5. The reasons could be attributed to the difference of air permeability and airflow resistance. For C-1 and C-2, the air permeability is relatively low; therefore the acoustic behavior is similar with membrane materials. It can be observed from Figure 5 that the sound absorption bandwidth of C-1 and C-2 very is narrow. C-4 and C-5 have the obvious characteristics of porous materials, and vibration model is based on the porous mechanism. Therefore, the error rate of C-1 and C-2 is higher than that of C-3, C-4, and C-5. In Pieren model, various physical elements are represented by equivalent electrical elements, and the ratio of sound pressure and sound velocity yields an acoustic impedance. The calculation process of Pieren model is shown in equations (6) to (9). The simulation of Pieren model is based on the surface mass density of corduroy fabrics. In the present study, all the five fabrics have the similar surface mass density. Therefore, Pieren model could predict the acoustic absorption coefficient more accurately than vibration model. The results are shown in Figure 12.

Conclusion

Corduroy fabric has bright promise for noise reduction applications. The acoustical characteristics of five corduroy fabrics were measured at frequencies from 100 to 6300 Hz. The acoustic absorption with 1, 2, and 3 cm air gap distance has been compared and analyzed. In summary, we could draw the following conclusions. First, it has been found that corduroy fabrics have great potential in noise reduction applications, and thick wale width is benefit to increase acoustic absorption properties. Second, both air permeability and airflow resistance can determine the acoustical behavior of corduroy fabric. The acoustic absorption of corduroy fabric is gradually increased with the increase of air permeability. Third, Pieren model could better predict the acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabric than vibration absorption model. The acoustic absorption properties of corduroy fabrics with different wale widths could be estimated according to airflow resistance.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CUSF-DH-D-2017001).

References

Seddeq

Aly

Marwa

et al.

Investigation on sound absorption properties for recycled fibrous materials. J Ind Text 2013; 43: 56–73.

Chen

Jiang

. Carbonized and activated non-wovens as high-performance acoustic materials: Part I – noise absorption. Text Res J 2007; 77: 785–791.

Jiang

Chen

Parikh

. Acoustical evaluation of carbonized and activated cotton nonwovens. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100: 6533–6536.

Tang

Yan

. Multi-layer fibrous structures for noise reduction. J Text Inst. Epub ahead of print 2017; 108: 2096–2106.

Jaouen

Becot

. Acoustical characterization of perforated facings. J Acoust Soc Am 2011; 129: 1400–1406.

Nute

Slater

. A study of some factors affecting sound reduction by carpeting. J Text Inst 1973; 64: 645–651.

Nute

Slater

. The effect of fabric parameters on sound-transmission loss. J Text Inst 1973; 64: 652–658.

Shoshani

Rosenhouse

. Noise absorption by woven fabrics. Appl Acoust 1990; 30: 321–333.

Soltani

Zerrebini

. The analysis of acoustical characteristics and sound absorption coefficient of woven fabrics. Text Res J 2012; 82: 875–882.

10.

Soltani

Zarrebini

. Acoustic performance of woven fabrics in relation to structural parameters and air permeability. J Text Inst 2013; 104: 1011–1016.

11.

Pieren

. Sound absorption modeling of thin woven fabrics backed by an air cavity. Text Res J 2012; 82: 864–874.

12.

Jeong

Choi

Lee

. Bayesian inference of the flow resistivity of a sound absorber and the room's influence on the Sabine absorption coefficients. J Acoust Soc Am 2017; 141: 1711–1711.

13.

Arenas

Leiva

Vilches

et al.

Approaching a methodology for the development of a multilayer sound absorbing device recycling coal bottom ash. Appl Acoust 2017; 115: 81–87.

14.

Mohamed

Barghash

Barker

. Influence of filling yarn characteristics on the properties of corduroy fabrics woven on an air-jet loom. Text Res J 1987; 57: 661–670.

15.

Troope

. Improved ammonia finishing of corduroys. Text Res J 1980; 50: 162–165.

16.

ASTM D 737 Standard-Standard Test Method for Air permeability of textile fabrics.

17.

Pieren

Schaffer

Eggenschwiler

. Sound absorption of textile curtains – theoretical models and validations by experiments and simulations. Text Res J. 2018; 88: 36–48.

18.

ASTM E 1050 Standard-standing test method for impedance and absorption of acoustic properties using a tube, two microphones and a digital frequency analysis system.

19.

Moholkar

Warmoeskerken

. Acoustical characteristics of textile materials. Text Res J 2003; 73: 827–837.

20.

Fouladi

Nor

MJM

Ayub

et al.

Utilization of coir fiber in multilayer acoustic absorption panel. Appl Acoust 2010; 71: 241–249.

21.

Zhang

. An empirical formula for sound absorption of fibrous materials. J Donghua Univ (Engl Ed) 2008; 25: 349–354.

22.

Yang

W-D

. Air permeability and acoustic absorbing behavior of nonwovens. In: Shanghai: 3rd international symposium of textile bioengineering and informatics 2010; Vol. 1–3, Shanghai, pp. 979–983.

23.

Pieren

Heutschi

. Predicting sound absorption coefficients of lightweight multilayer curtains using the equivalent circuit method. Appl Acoust 2015; 92: 27–41.

24.

Pieren

Heutschi

. Modelling parallel assemblies of porous materials using the equivalent circuit method. J Acoust Soc Am 2015; 137: EL131–EL136.

25.

Voronina

. Acoustic properties of synthetic films. Appl Acoust 1996; 49: 127–140.

Acoustical analysis of corduroy fabric for sound absorption: Experiments and simulations

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Theoretical basis and models

Vibration absorption model

Pieren model with air gap

Results and discussion

Acoustic absorption coefficient of corduroy fabrics

Predicted results based on vibration absorption model

Predicted results based on Pieren model

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References