Most people who experience trauma want to thrive and often find paths to well-being and healthy functioning. This scoping review explores the existing evidence on adversity and resilience in southeastern European countries, focusing on Kosovo. There is a lack of research on trauma and resilience in cultures outside the US and Western Europe. The paper provides a brief cultural and historical overview of this region and the collectivist cultures found there. We draw from a range of interdisciplinary literatures to identify key strengths that have the potential to improve health outcomes for trauma victims in this region. Overall, 42 papers from PsycInfo and PubMed were identified, using keywords such as “resilience” or “health” and “Kosovo,” “Balkans,” and “Southeastern Europe.” Findings from this scoping review show that different cultural values, norms, and societal ecologies impact resilience within these societies. Some strengths, such as social support and sense of purpose, echoed similar research in the US and Western Europe. There was also evidence that factors such as dignity, family solidarity, social activism, and nationwide meaning-making are strengths associated with resilience for these collectivist societies of southeastern Europe. We also consider the implications of the results for other post-conflict societies. Finally, findings from this review call for culturally sensitive strength-based perspectives in promoting health and well-being after the high dosages of trauma common in this region.
*AganiF.LandauJ.AganiN. (2010). Community-building before, during, and after times of trauma: The application of the LINC model of community resilience in Kosovo. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01017.x.
2.
*AhernJ.GaleaS.FernandezW. G.KociB.WaldmanR.VlahovD. (2004). Gender, social support, and posttraumatic stress in postwar Kosova. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(11), 762–770. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000144695.02982.41.
3.
*AiA. L.PetersonC.UbelhorD. (2002). War-related trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among adult Kosovar refugees. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(2), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014864225889.
4.
*AiA. L.TiceT. N.WhitsettD. D.IshisakaT.ChimM. (2007). Posttraumatic symptoms and growth of Kosovar war refugees: The influence of hope and cognitive coping. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760601069341.
5.
*AjdukovicD.AjdukovicD.BogicM.FranciskovicT.GaleazziG. M.KucukalicA.Lecic-TosevskiD.SchützwohlM.PriebeS. (2013). Recovery from posttraumatic stress symptoms: A qualitative study of attributions in survivors of war. PLos One, 8(8), e70579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070579.
6.
*AnagnostakiL.PavlopoulosV.ObradovićJ.MastenA.Motti-StefanidiF. (2016). Academic resilience of immigrant youth in Greek schools: Personal and family resources. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1168738.
7.
*ArënliuA.KelmendiK.Duraku- HyseniZ.KonjufcaJ. (2021). Studimi i indikatorëve shumëdimensionalë të ndërlidhur me dhunën në shkollat fillore në Kosovë- Rekomandime praktike për parandalimin e dhunës në shkolla. University of Prishtina.
8.
*ArënliuA.LandsmanM. S. (2010). Thriving in postwar Kosova. In WeissT.BergerR. (eds), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice: Lessons learned from around the globe (pp. 65–72). John Wiley & Sons.
9.
*ArenliuA.Shala-KastratiF.Berisha AvdiuV.LandsmanM. (2019). Posttraumatic growth among family members with missing persons from war in Kosovo: Association with social support and community involvement. Omega—Journal of Death and Dying, 80(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817725679.
10.
*BakicH.AjdukovicD. (2019). Stability and change post-disaster: Dynamic relations between individual, interpersonal and community resources and psychosocial functioning. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1614821. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1614821.
11.
BaliqiB. (2017). The aftermath of war experiences on Kosova’s generation on the move—Collective memory and ethnic relations among young adults in Kosova. Zeitgeschichte, 44, 6–19.
12.
BanyardV.HambyS.GrychJ. (2017). Health effects of adverse childhood events: Identifying promising protective factors at the intersection of mental and physical well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.011.
13.
*BeckerC.SargentJ.RollandJ. S. (2000). Kosovar family professional education collaborative. AFTA Newsletter, 80(46), 26–30.
14.
BergerR. (2015). Stress, trauma, and posttraumatic growth: Social context, environment, and identities. Routledge.
15.
BielingP. J.HawleyL.LBlochR.T.CorcoranK. MLevitanR. D., & YoungL. T., et al. (2012). Treatment-specific changes in decentering following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medication or placebo for prevention of depressive relapse. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 80(3), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027483.
16.
BonnanoG. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events?American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.
17.
ButlerE. A.LeeT. L.GrossJ. J. (2007). Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific?Emotion, 7(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.30.
18.
*ChristouA.MichailD. (2015 September). Migrating motherhood and gendering exile: Eastern European women narrate migrancy and homing. Women’s Studies International Forum52, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2015.06.005.
EggermanM.Panter-BrickC. (2010). Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023.
21.
*EikemoT. A.HuismanM.PerlmanF.RingdalK. (2010). Educational health inequalities in former Yugoslavia: Evidence from the South-East European social survey project. European Journal of Public Health, 20(6), 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp200.
22.
EllemersN.De GilderD.HaslamS. A. (2004). Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 459–478. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2004.13670967.
23.
ElliotA. J.SedikidesC.MurayamaK.TanakaA.ThrashT. M.MapesR. R. (2013). Cross-cultural generality and specificity in self-regulation: Avoidance personal goals and multiple aspects of well-being in the United States and Japan. Emotion, 12(5), 1031–1040. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031720.
24.
FanajN.MelonashiE. (2017). Understanding and describing PTSD in Kosovo: A systematic evidence-based review. Sage Open, 7(4), 2158244017734588. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017734588.
GasparreA.BoscoS.BellelliG. (2010). Cognitive and social consequences of participation in social rites: Collective coping, social support, and post-traumatic growth in the victims of Guatemala genocide. Revista de Psicología Social, 25(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193513.
27.
*GerberM. M.HoganL. R.MaxwellK.CallahanJ. L.RuggeroC. J.SundbergT. (2014). Children after war: A novel approach to promoting resilience through music. Traumatology: An International Journal, 20(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099396.
28.
GilbertL. K.BreidingM. J.MerrickM. T.ThompsonW. W.FordD. C.DhingraS. S.ParksS. E. (2015). Childhood adversity and adult chronic disease: An update from ten states and the District of Columbia, 2010. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(3), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.006.
29.
Gonzalez-MendezR.Ramírez-SantanaG.HambyS. (2021). Analyzing Spanish adolescents through the lens of the Resilience Portfolio Model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10), 4472–4489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518790600.
30.
*GordonJ. S.StaplesJ. K.BlytaA.BytyqiM. (2004). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovo high school students using mind–body skills groups: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022620.13209.a0.
31.
GrychJ.HambyS.BanyardV. (2015). The resilience portfolio model: Understanding healthy adaptation in victims of violence. Psychology of Violence, 5(4), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039671.
32.
GuQ.DayC. (2007). Teachers resilience: A necessary condition for effectiveness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(8), 1302–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.006.
33.
GuarnacciU. (2016). Joining the dots: Social networks and community resilience in post-conflict, post-disaster Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16, 180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.03.001.
34.
HajrullahuA. (2020). Local perspectives on dependence, independence, and interdependence in Europe’s newest state: An introductory remark. In HajrullahuA.VukpalajA. (Eds.), Forging Kosovo: Between Dependence, Independence, and Interdependence (pp. 9-27). Peter Lang Publications.
35.
HambyS.GrychJ.BanyardV. (2018). Resilience portfolios and poly-strengths: Identifying protective factors associated with thriving after adversity. Psychology of Violence, 8(2), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000135.
36.
HambyS.SchultzK.ElmJ. (2020). Understanding the burden of trauma and victimization among American Indian and Alaska native elders: historical trauma as an element of poly-victimization. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1692408.
37.
HambyS.SmithA.MitchellK.TurnerH (2016). Poly-victimization and resilience portfolios: Trends in violence research that can enhance the understanding and prevention of elder abuse. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 28(4-5), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2016.1232182.
38.
HambyS.TaylorE.MitchellK.JonesL.NewlinC. (2020). Poly-victimization, trauma, and resilience: Exploring strengths that promote thriving after adversity. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(3), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2020.1719261.
39.
HammadJ.TribeR. (2021 Feb–Mar). Adaptive coping during protracted political conflict, war and military blockade in Gaza. International Review of Psychiatry, 33(1-2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1741257.
HintonD. E.BarlowD. H.ReisR.de JongJ. (2016). A transcultural model of the centrality of “thinking a lot” in psychopathologies across the globe and the process of localization: A Cambodian refugee example. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 40(4), 570–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-016-9489-4.
42.
HintonD. E.KirmayerL. J. (2013). Local responses to trauma: Symptom, affect, and healing. Transcultural Psychiatry, 50(5), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513506529.
43.
HintonD. E.ReisR.de JongJ. (2015). The “thinking a lot” idiom of distress and PTSD: An examination of their relationship among traumatized Cambodian refugees using the “Thinking a Lot” Questionnaire. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 29(3), 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12204.
44.
HofstedeG. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage Publications.
45.
HoxhaA.MaksutajR. (2017). E Drejta Zakonore Shqiptare. Trashëgimi kulturore-juridike.Faik Koica
*JerliuN.BurazeriG.ToçiE.KempenG. I.JongenW.RamadaniN.BrandH. (2014). Social networks, social participation and self-perceived health among older people in transitional Kosovo. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(2), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt064.
48.
JosephS.LinleyP. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262.
49.
*KelmendiK.DurakuZ. H.Jemini-GashiL. (2019). Coexistence of intimate partner violence and child maltreatment among adolescents in Kosovo. Journal of Family Violence, 34(5), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-018-00034-y.
*KelmendiK.MulajI.ZymberiM.KadiriS. (2020). Meaning-making of war experiences: Stories from Kosova. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying.
52.
KijewskiS.FreitagM. (2018). Civil war and the formation of social trust in Kosovo: Posttraumatic growth or war-related distress?Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(4), 717–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716666324.
53.
KirmayerL. J.PedersenD. (2014). Toward a new architecture for global mental health. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(6), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514557202.
54.
KitayamaS.MesquitaB.KarasawaM. (2006). Cultural affordances and emotional experience: socially engaging and disengaging emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 890–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.890.
55.
KoselkaE. P. D.WeidnerL. C.MinasovA.BermanM. G.LeonardW. R.SantosoM. V.de BritoJ. N.PopeZ. C.PereiraM. A.HortonT. H. (2019). Walking green: Developing an evidence base for nature prescriptions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), 4338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224338.
KostovicovaD.Bojicic-DzelilovicV., & HenryM. (2020). Drawing on the continuum: a war and post-war political economy of gender-based violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(22), 250-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1692686.
58.
*LandauJ.MittalM.WielingE. (2008). Linking human systems: Strengthening individuals, families, and communities in the wake of mass trauma. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00064.x.
59.
*LatifiT. (2015). Poverty and social security from the perspective of post-war political, societal and family transformations in Kosovo. Ethnologia Balkanica(18), 249–268.
60.
LatifiT. (2019). Generational and intergenerational care and mobility networks in Kosovo. Südosteuropa, 67(2), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2019-0014.
61.
LeungW.AshtonT.KoltG. S.SchofieldG. M.GarrettN.KerseN.PatelA. (2012). Cost-effectiveness of pedometer-based versus time-based green prescriptions: The Healthy Steps Study. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 18(3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY11028.
62.
*Lopes CardozoB.KaiserR.GotwayC. A.AganiF. (2003). Mental health, social functioning, and feelings of hatred and revenge of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosova. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(4), 351–360. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1024413918346.
63.
LutharS. S.CicchettiD.BeckerB. (2000 May–Jun). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164.
64.
LykesM. B.BeristainC. M.Pérez-ArmiñanM. L. C. (2007). Political violence, impunity, and emotional climate in Maya communities. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00514.x.
65.
MalcolmN. (1998). Kosova: A short history (pp. 218–230). Papermac.
66.
MalokuE.DerksB.Van LaarC.EllemersN. (2017). Building national identity in newborn Kosova: Challenges of integrating national identity with ethnic identity among Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs. Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory (pp. 245–260). Springer.
67.
MancoN.HambyS. (2021). A meta-analytic review of interventions that promote meaning in life. American Journal of Health Promotion., 35(6), 866–873.
MastenA. S. (2011). Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000198.
70.
MatsubaM. K.WilliamsL. (2020). Mindfulness and yoga self-care workshop for Northern Ugandan teachers: A pilot study. School Psychology International, 41(4), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034320915955.
71.
McKimmJ.RedversN.El OmraniO.ParkesM. W.ElfM.WoollardR. (2020). Education for sustainable healthcare: Leadership to get from here to there. Medical Teacher, 42(10), 1123–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1795104.
72.
MesquitaB.LeuJ. (2007). The cultural psychology of emotion. In KitayamaS.CohenD. (eds), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 734–759). The Guilford Press.
73.
*Miljević-RiđičkiR.SimõesC.KimberB. (2020). Resilience in school children–A multicultural comparison between three countries–Croatia, Sweden and Portugal. Društvena Istraživanja, 29(4), 555–574. https://doi.org/10.5559/di.29.4.03.
74.
MoisanC.HébertM.FernetM.BlaisM.AmédéeL. M. (2019). Resilience portfolios and poly-strengths: identifying strengths associated with wellbeing after adversity. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience/Revue internationale de la résilience des enfants et des adolescents, 6(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.7202/1069073ar.
75.
*Motti-StefanidiF. (2015). Risks and resilience in immigrant youth adaptation: Who succeeds in the Greek school context and why?European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1020787.
76.
NadeauJ. W. (2008). Meaning-making in bereaved families: Assessment, intervention, and future research. In StroebeM. S.HanssonR. O.SchutH.StroebeW. (eds), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 511–530). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-024.
77.
*NakayamaR.KoyanagiA.StickleyA.KondoT.GilmourS.ArenliuA.ShibuyaK. (2014). Social networks and mental health in post-conflict Mitrovica, Kosova. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1169.
78.
NamyS.HeilmanB.StichS.CrownoverJ.LekaB.EdmeadesJ. (2015). Changing what it means to ‘become a man’: Participants’ reflections on a school-based programme to redefine masculinity in the Balkans. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17 Suppl 2, 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1070434.
79.
NutsfordD.PearsonA. L.KinghamS. (2013). An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health. Public Health, 127(11), 1005–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.016.
80.
ParkC. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301.
81.
ParkC. L. (2013). The meaning making model: A framework for understanding meaning, spirituality, and stress-related growth in health psychology. European Health Psychologist, 15(2), 40–47.
82.
*PieroniA.CianfaglioneK.NedelchevaA.HajdariA.MustafaB.QuaveC. L. (2014). Resilience at the border: Traditional botanical knowledge among Macedonians and Albanians living in Gollobordo, Eastern Albania. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10(1), 31–31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-31.
83.
PieroniA.RexhepiB.NedelchevaA.HajdariA.MustafaB.KolosovaV.CianfaglioneK.QuaveC. L. (2013). One century later: The folk botanical knowledge of the last remaining Albanians of the upper Reka Valley, Mount Korab, Western Macedonia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 9(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-22.
84.
PriebeS.BogicM.AjdukovicD.FranciskovicT.GaleazziG. M.KucukalicA.Lecic-TosevskiD.MorinaN.PopovskiM.WangD.SchützwohlM. (2010). Mental disorders following war in the Balkans: A study in 5 countries. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(5), 518–528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.37.
85.
*QuaveC. L.PieroniA. (2015). A reservoir of ethnobotanical knowledge informs resilient food security and health strategies in the Balkans. Nature Plants, 1(2), 14021–14026. https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2014.21.
86.
RakowD. A.EellsG. T. (2019). Nature Rx programs on four university campuses (pp. 47–68). Cornell University Press.
87.
*RamseyL. C. (2017). A cultural formation of PTSD by ethnic Albanian women in Kosovo: A phenomenological inquiry. Doctoral Dissertation, Regent University.
88.
RichardsonG. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020.
89.
*RingdalG. I.RingdalK. (2016). War experiences and general health among people in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22074.
90.
*RiolliL.SavickiV.CepaniA. (2002). Resilience in the face of catastrophe: Optimism, personality, and coping in the Kosovo crisis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(8), 1604–1627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02765.x.
91.
*RukajJ. S. (2020). Examining family stress, family hardiness, help seeking attitudes, and psychological distress in Albanian Americans (Doctoral dissertation, College of Saint Elizabeth).
RyanC. (2015). Everyday resilience as resistance: Palestinian women practicing Sumud. International Political Sociology, 9(4), 299–315. . https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12099.
94.
*SchickM.MorinaN.KlaghoferR.SchnyderU.MüllerJ. (2013). Trauma, mental health, and intergenerational associations in Kosovar Families 11 years after the war. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 21060. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21060.
95.
SomasundaramD.SivayokanS. (2013). Rebuilding community resilience in a post-war context: Developing insight and recommendations-a qualitative study in Northern Sri Lanka. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 7(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-7-3.
ThartoriV.IsmailN. A. H. (2021). Mental well-being of Albanian and Kosovo Albanian immigrants. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 5(2), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/11106.
98.
*TurnerS. W.BowieC.DunnG.ShapoL.YuleW. (2003). Mental health of Kosovan Albanian refugees in the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(5), 444–448. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.5.444.
99.
UlmerJ. M.WolfK. L.BackmanD. R.TrethewayR. L.BlainC. J.O’Neil-DunneJ. P.FrankL. D. (2016). Multiple health benefits of urban tree canopy: The mounting evidence for a green prescription. Health & Place, 42, 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.08.011.
*VathiZ.DuciV. (2016). Making other dreams: The impact of migration on the psychosocial wellbeing of Albanian-origin children and young people upon their families’ return to Albania. Childhood, 23(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568214566078.
*WangS. J.SalihuM.RushitiF.BalaL.ModvigJ. (2010). Survivors of the war in the Northern Kosova: Violence exposure, risk factors, and public health effects of an ethnic conflict. Conflict and Health, 4(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-4-11.
109.
*WeineS. (2008). Family roles in refugee youth resettlement from a prevention perspective. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(3), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.02.006.
110.
*WeineS.UkshiniS.GriffithJ.AganiF.Pulleyblank–CoffeyE.UlajJ.BeckerC.AjetiL.ElliottM.Alidemaj–SereqiV.LandauJ.AsllaniM.MangoM.PavkovicI.BunjakuA.RollandJ.CalaG.SargentJ.SaulJ....WeingartenK. (2005). A family approach to severe mental illness in post–war Kosovo. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 68(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.68.1.17.64187.
111.
*WeissT.BergerR. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice: Lessons learned from around the globe. John Wiley & Sons.
112.
*Wertheim-CahenT.EuwemaM.NabarroM. (2005). Trees coloured pink. The use of creativity as a means of psychosocial support for children in Kosovo: An ongoing learning process. Intervention, 3(2), 112–121.
113.
WessellsM. (2016). Strengths-based community action as a source of resilience for children affected by armed conflict. Global Mental Health, 3, E1. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2015.23.
114.
WlodarczykA.BasabeN.PáezD.ReyesC.VillagránL.MadariagaC.PalacioJ.MartínezF. (2016). Communal coping and posttraumatic growth in a context of natural disasters in Spain, Chile, and Colombia. Cross-Cultural Research, 50(4), 325–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397116663857.
