Littering continues to be a problem worldwide. The purpose of this article is to update earlier systematic reviews on littering and using a scorecard of seven social marketing components, assess the extent of social marketing use in identified littering programs. Following Center for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, the search included all peer-reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2015 in the English language available through 10 databases. A total of 1,220 articles were initially identified and resulted in a final set of 17 that met the study criteria. The analysis revealed key insights including a lack of social marketing use in litter prevention efforts to date providing an opportunity for future research. Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are outlined.
Abu-HilalA. H.Al-NajjarT. (2004). Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research, 58, 39–63. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2003.12.003
2.
Al-KhatibI. A. (2009). Children’s perceptions and behavior with respect to glass littering in developing countries: A case study in Palestine’s Nablus district. Waste Management, 29, 1434–1437. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.08.026
3.
Al-KhatibI. A.ArafatH. A.DaoudR.ShwahnehH. (2009). Enhanced solid waste management by understanding the effects of gender, income, marital status, and religious convictions on attitudes and practices related to street littering in Nablus–Palestinian territory. Waste Management, 29, 449–455. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2008.02.004
4.
AndreasenA. R. (2002). Marketing social marketing in the social change marketplace. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21, 3–13. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.21.1.3.17602
5.
BatesC. H. (2010). Use of social marketing concepts to evaluate ocean sustainability campaigns. Social Marketing Quarterly, 16, 71–96. doi:10.1080/15245000903528357
6.
BatesonM.CallowL.HolmesJ. R.RocheM. L. R.NettleD. (2013). Do images of ‘watching eyes’ induce behaviour that is more pro-social or more normative? A field experiment on littering. PLoS One, 8, e82055. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082055
7.
BrownT. J.HamS. H.HughesM. (2010). Picking up litter: An application of theory-based communication to influence tourist behaviour in protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 879–900. doi:10.1080/09669581003721281
8.
CarinsJ. E.Rundle-ThieleS. R. (2014). Eating for the better: A social marketing review (2000–2012). Public Health Nutrition, 17, 1628–1639. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013001365
9.
ChitotombeJ. W. (2014). Interrogating factors associated with littering along road servitudes on Zimbabwean highways. Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 3, 181–193. doi:10.5296/emsd.v3i1.5023
10.
CialdiniR. B.RenoR. R.KallgrenC. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
11.
DanielsM. L.MarionJ. L. (2005). Communicating leave no trace ethics and practices: Efficacy of two-day trainer courses. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23, 1–19.
12.
de KortY. A.McCalleyL. T.MiddenC. J. (2008). Persuasive trash cans activation of littering norms by design. Environment and Behavior, 40, 870–891. doi:10.1177/0013916507311035
13.
de LangeM. A.DebetsL. W.RuitenburgK.HollandR. W. (2012). Making less of a mess: Scent exposure as a tool for behavioral change. Social Influence, 7, 90–97. doi:10.1080/15534510.2012.659509
14.
DietrichT.Rundle-ThieleS.KubackiaK. (2017). Segmentation in social marketing: Methods and approaches. Singapore: Springer.
15.
DietrichT.Rundle-ThieleS.SchusterL.DrennanJ.Russell-BennettR.LeoC.…ConnorJ. P. (2015). Differential segmentation responses to an alcohol social marketing program. Addictive Behaviors, 49, 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.010
16.
DonovanR.HenleyN. (2010). Principles and practice of social marketing: An international perspective. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
17.
DwyerW. O.LeemingF. C.CobernM. K.PorterB. E.JacksonJ. M. (1993). Critical review of behavioral interventions to preserve the environment research since 1980. Environment and Behavior, 25, 275–321. doi:10.1177/0013916593255001
18.
Ernest-JonesM.NettleD.BatesonM. (2011). Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 172–178. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.10.006
19.
FrenchJ.Blair-StevensC. (2005). The big pocket guide to using social marketing for behaviour change. London, England: The National Social Marketing Centre. Retrieved February 21, 2015, fromwww.thensmc.com/sites/default/files/Big_pocket_guide_2011.pdf
20.
FrenchJ.Blair-StevensC. (2006). Social marketing national benchmark criteria. London, England: The National Social Marketing Centre.
21.
FrenchJ. (2017). The importance of segmentation in social marketing strategy. In Segmentation in Social Marketing (pp. 25–40). Singapore: Springer.
22.
GlanzK.BishopD. B. (2010). The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 399–418. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604
23.
GordonR.McDermottL.SteadM.AngusK. (2006). The effectiveness of social marketing interventions for health improvement: What’s the evidence?Public Health, 120, 1133–1139. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.008
24.
HansmannR.ScholzR. W. (2003). A two-step informational strategy for reducing littering behavior in a cinema. Environment and Behavior, 35, 752–762. doi:10.1177/0013916503254755
HoppeT.BressersH.de BruijnT.Franco-GarciaL. (2013). Street litter reduction programs in the Netherlands: Reflections on the implementation of the Dutch litter reduction program for 2007–2009. Lessons from a public private partnership in environmental policy. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 12, 1657–1668.
27.
HuffmanK. T.GrossnickleW. F.CopeJ. G.HuffmanK. P. (1995). Litter reduction a review and integration of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 27, 153–183. doi:10.1177/0013916595272003
28.
JosephA.ChoiY.-S.QuanX. (2015). Impact of the physical environment of residential health, care, and support facilities (RHCSF) on staff and residents a systematic review of the literature. Environment and Behavior, 1–39. doi:10.1177/0013916515597027
29.
KallgrenC. A.RenoR. R.CialdiniR. B. (2000). A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1002–1012. doi:10.1177/01461672002610009
30.
KhawajaF. S.ShahA. (2013). Determinants of littering: An experimental analysis. The Pakistan Development Review, 52, 157–168.
31.
KubackiK.Rundle-ThieleS.LahtinenV.ParkinsonJ. (2015). A systematic review assessing the extent of social marketing principle use in interventions targeting children (2000-2014). Young Consumers, 16, 141–158.
32.
KubackiK.Rundle-ThieleS.PangB.CarinsJ.ParkinsonJ.FujihiraH.RontoR. (2017). An umbrella review of the use of segmentation in social marketing interventions. In DietrichT.KubackiK.Rundle-ThieleS. (Eds.), Segmentation in social marketing (pp. 9–23). Singapore: Springer.
33.
Lindemann-MatthiesP.BönigkI.BenkowitzD. (2012). Can’t see the wood for the litter: Evaluation of litter behavior modification in a forest. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 11, 108–116. doi:10.1080/1533015X.2012.751294
34.
LiuJ.SibleyC. (2004). Attitudes and behavior in social space: Public good interventions based on shared representations and environmental influences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 373–384. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2003.12.003
35.
MaJ.HipelK. W. (2016). Exploring social dimensions of municipal solid waste management around the globe—A systematic literature review. Waste Management. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.041
36.
OngI. B. L.SovacoolB. K. (2012). A comparative study of littering and waste in Singapore and Japan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 61, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.008
37.
PaceR.PluyeP.BartlettG.MacaulayA. C.SalsbergJ.JagoshJ.SellerR. (2012). Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002
38.
ParkinsonJ.SchusterL.Russell-BennettR. (2016). Insights into the complexity of behaviours: the MOAB framework. Journal of Social Marketing, 6, 412–427. doi:10.1108/JSOCM-10-2015-0071
39.
ReamsM. A.GeaghanJ. P.GendronR. C. (1996). The link between recycling and litter a field study. Environment and Behavior, 28, 92–110. doi:10.1177/0013916596281005
40.
RiceR. E.AtkinC. K. (2000). Public communication campaigns (Vol. 3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
41.
SchultzP. W.BatorR. J.LargeL. B.BruniC. M.TabanicoJ. J. (2013). Littering in context: Personal and environmental predictors of littering behavior. Environment and Behavior, 45, 35–59. doi:10.1177/0013916511412179
42.
SibleyC. G.LiuJ. H. (2003). Differentiating active and passive littering a two-stage process model of littering behavior in public spaces. Environment and Behavior, 35, 415–433. doi:10.1177/0013916503035003006
43.
SpacekS. (2004). DO MESS WITH IT!: A sociopolitical study of littering and the role of southern and nearby statesApplied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Retrieved fromhttp://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/27/
44.
SteadM.GordonR.AngusK.McDermottL. (2007). A systematic review of social marketing effectiveness. Health Education, 107, 126–191. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09654280710731548
45.
StephenH.JamesM. (2014). Changing audience behaviour: Festival goers and throwaway tents. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5, 247–262. doi:10.1108/IJEFM-11-2013-0031
46.
SussmanR.GiffordR. (2013). Be the change you want to see modeling food composting in public places. Environment and Behavior, 45, 323–343. doi:10.1177/0013916511431274
47.
TacconelliE. (2010). Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 10, 226. Retrieved fromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70065-7
48.
TakahashiB. (2009). Social marketing for the environment: An assessment of theory and practice. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 8, 135–145. doi:10.1080/15330150903135889
49.
TappA.Rundle-ThieleS. (2016). Social marketing and multidisciplinary behaviour change. In SpotswoodF. (Ed.), Beyond behaviour change: Key issues, interdisciplinary approaches and future directions (p. 135). Bristol, CT: Policy Press.
50.
TaylorA.CurnowR.FletcherT.LewisJ. (2007). Education campaigns to reduce stormwater pollution in commercial areas: Do they work?Journal of Environmental Management, 84, 323–335. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.002
51.
TruongV. D. (2014). Social marketing a systematic review of research 1998–2012. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20, 15–34. doi:10.1177/1524500413517666
52.
UneputtyP.EvansS.SuyosoE. (1998). The effectiveness of a community education programme in reducing litter pollution on shores of Ambon Bay (eastern Indonesia). Journal of Biological Education, 32, 143–147. doi:10.1080/00219266.1998.9655611
53.
WeverR.Van OnselenL.SilvesterS.BoksC. (2010). Influence of packaging design on littering and waste behaviour. Packaging Technology and Science, 23, 239–252. doi:10.1002/pts.892
54.
WilliamsB. C.PlouffeC. R. (2007). Assessing the evolution of sales knowledge: A 20-year content analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, 36, 408–419. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.11.003
