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Abstract

Objective

This retrospective study in individuals with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) compared changes in quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and exercise capacity after a home pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme, based on the care manager’s professional background.

Methods

PR team was composed of nurses (Gr1, n = 989 patients), physiotherapists (Gr2, n = 466), one dietician and one sociomedical beautician (Gr3, n = 794) and one respiratory physician (Gr4, n = 201) who supervised one home session per week during 8 weeks. Quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms, dyspnea and exercise capacity were assessed at the beginning and end of PR, and at 12 months after the end of PR.

Results

2450 participants were included (females: 41.6%, age: 64.1 ± 13.0 years, FEV₁: 50.7 ± 25.2% of predicted, people with COPD: 51%, with ILD: 23%, with asthma: 10%). Gr 1, Gr 3 and Gr 4 improved all the assessments at short- and long-term (p < 0.01). Improvement in the Visual Simplified Respiratory Questionnaire in Gr2 was not maintained at long-term. According to the linear mixed models, changes over time were not statistically different between groups.

Conclusion

A personalised PR programme delivered by one care manager, led to similar short-term benefits regardless of the care manager’s initial professional background.

Keywords

chronic respiratory disease care manager pulmonary rehabilitation home-based transdisciplinary self-management

Introduction

The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in improving health-related quality of life, exercise capacity and functional capacity and reducing dyspnea are well established in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).¹ New evidence supports extending PR to individuals with interstitial lung disease (ILD), asthma, pulmonary hypertension or lung cancer.² PR is defined as an integrated, person-centred intervention comprising three core elements: education, self-management strategies and exercise training —aimed at promoting long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviours.³ PR teams typically involve various health professionals, including physiotherapists, nurses, dieticians and respiratory physicians.⁴ Most adopt a multidisciplinary model (where each discipline focuses solely on its specific role) or, at best, an interdisciplinary model (where team members share information about their work with the patient).⁵ However, in other fields such as pain management,⁶ this siloed approach has been shown to be less effective than transdisciplinary models, in which all team members share a comprehensive understanding of each discipline’s contribution to patient care.⁷ Similarly, a pediatric rehabilitation study⁸ in children with developmental disabilities reported greater participation in team meeting, more holistic goals, and fewer miscommunications under a transdisciplinary model compared with a multidisciplinary one. Whether these benefits translate to PR remains to be confirmed in randomised controlled trials.

Home-based PR programmes are feasible and achieve short-term outcomes comparable to those of traditional centre-based programmes.⁹ Given the well documented barriers such as travel, limited access, and work-related constraints, home-based interventions appear more convenient and offer greater flexibility, allowing better integration into participants’ daily routines.¹⁰ In this context, over the past decade we developed an 8-weeks PR programme in which a single healthcare professional— the care manager—delivers all PR components face-to-face at the patient’s home.¹¹ In this transdisciplinary model, patient allocation was not random or based on the care manager’s professional background (e.g., nurse, physiotherapist, dietitian), but on a defined geographical perimeter around the care manager’s residence. This system covers a wide area while minimising travel distances for the mobile team. Overall, this face-to-face home-based PR model effectively improved short- and long-term outcomes (up to 12 months) in patients with COPD, ILD or asthma.^11,12 However, it remains unclear whether these outcomes depend on the care manager’s professional background. In the context of strained healthcare systems, enabling healthcare professionals to deliver a broader range of care may improve efficiency and accessibility, and recent French legislation recommends assigning each patient a designated healthcare referent.

This real-life retrospective study conducted in individuals with CRDs aimed to compare short- (end of PR) and long-term (12 months post-PR) changes in health-related quality of life, dyspnea, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and exercise capacity, based on the initial professional background of the care manager. As all care managers developed transdisciplinary knowledge and skills through a standardised training programme, our primary hypothesis was that effectiveness would not differ across care manager groups.

Methods

Study design and participants

This retrospective pre-post study was conducted using prospectively collected data from January 2010 to December 2021. Data were entered and stored in a secure electronic medical record system (Care Itou), specifically developed for the home-based care facility. Individuals were referred to the home-based programme (FormAction Santé, Pérenchies, France) by both hospital-based and private practice respiratory physicians, who provided a prescription along with relevant medical information, and were responsible for documented the diagnosis of a CRD. Whenever feasible, physicians offered patients the option of a centre-based or home-based programme, and the final choice was made according to programme availability, geographical accessibility, and patient preference. Following receipt of the referral, the PR mobile team contacted each patient to schedule the initial home visit and initiate the programme. However, given that 299 physicians have referred patients since 2010, we cannot guarantee that the option of programme modality was consistently offered to all patients. Prescribers confirmed the absence of contraindications to exercise, with cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed at their discretion, as it is not required for PR enrolment in France. Exclusion criteria included unstable cardiovascular disease, dementia or poorly controlled psychiatric illness, neurological sequelae or bone and joint diseases preventing training. Participants lacking a 12-months follow-up in their protocol—such as those with lung cancer or those enrolled in a second PR programme within the same year—were excluded retrospectively. Approval for the observational research protocol was obtained from the CEPRO (French Language Society of Pulmonology) Research Ethics Committee under successive authorisations since 2010, the most recent renewal being CEPRO 2021-054. These approvals permitted the retrospective analysis of prospectively collected routine clinical data. All participants provided written informed consent prior to initiating PR.

Home-based PR programme

Participants enrolled in a supervised, home-based programme consisting of a 90-minute face-to-face supervised session once per week for 8 weeks, including individually prescribed self-management education and exercise training. They were also instructed to engage in personalised physical activity and adhere to a self-management plan for the remainder of the week and throughout the 1-year follow-up, during which no visit or supervised maintenance was provided by the PR team.

The home-based PR programme is detailed in the Supplemental Materials. Briefly, education and self-management interventions were adapted to respond to the individual’s goals. The core educational topics included pathophysiology of lung disease and comorbidities, medication and its use, prevention and recognition of exacerbations and allergic factors, indoor air pollution, physical activity, breathing techniques and stress management. The training programme followed the guidelines for exercise prescription in CRDs.¹³ Each participant received home endurance training equipment (bicycle, stepper or mini bike) during the 8-weeks programme, tailored to their needs, preferences, and home environment constraints. They were encouraged to exercise for 30–45 minutes, (performed in 10-min intervals or shorter, depending on individual capacity), 5 times per week. Endurance training was completed with upper and lower limb muscle strengthening exercises. For participants with severe deconditioning, the programme began with daily sessions of self-administered quadriceps electrostimulation, with endurance training introduced as soon as feasible.

Care manager training and role

PR team consisted of a respiratory physician, a physiotherapist, six nurses, two kinesiologists, a dietician and a sociomedical beautician. All team members completed the same 40-h standardised therapeutic education training programme, delivered by a licensed instructor. This training, including theoretical and practical components such as case analysis, is required for transdisciplinary PR models and promotes a holistic approach, covering main educational topics and teaching motivational communication, assessment of disease acceptance, and consideration of patients’ personality traits to enhance the therapeutic alliance.

New care managers worked alongside experienced colleagues during a 2-month mentorship period. This shadowing allowed them to observe the delivery of PR, without independently providing care. To support transdisciplinary practice, weekly four-hour team meetings were held to discuss care plans and provide ongoing training. As a result, each care manager was qualified to deliver all components of the PR programme in the patient’s home. Care managers communicated with families and respiratory physicians by providing reports at the start and end of PR, and again 12 months post PR. Care manager training and role are detailed in the Supplemental Materials.

Data collection

Lung function, medication and comorbidity data were obtained from medical records provided by the respiratory physician. All assessments were conducted at the participant’s home, at baseline (M0), post PR (M2), and 14 months after baseline (M14), completing 1 year of follow-up. Participants completing both the 2-month PR programme and the M14 assessment were defined as PR completers. Prospectively collected data were stored in a secure electronic medical record system (Care Itou), developed for the home-based care facility. For retrospective analysis, data were extracted into a spreadsheet via secure, password-protected access by an authorised user. As a retrospective study conducted over 11 years of real-life practice, no sample size was calculated, and no single assessment was designated as a primary outcome. Health related quality of life was assessed using the Visual Simplified Respiratory Questionnaire (VSRQ) from 2010 to 2016 (8 items rated 0-10, total score 0–80; higher is better)¹⁴ and then the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) from 2017 to 2021 (8 items, total score 0-40, lower is better). The change in assessment tool was made based on a clinical decision. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale (14 items, each subscore 0-21; lower is better)¹⁵; and dyspnea by the mMRC breathlessness. Exercise capacity was evaluated with the 6-minute stepper test (6MST) as previously described.¹¹ In individuals with COPD, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the VSRQ, CAT, HAD and 6MST is considered to be a change of 3.4, 2 and 1.5 points, and 40 strokes, respectively.^14,16,17 The proportion of participants reaching the MCID for each outcome was calculated for each care manager group. These thresholds were applied to all participants, as they have been primarily established in COPD populations.

Statistical analyses

Data were analysed using the SAS software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and significance threshold was considered at 0.05. Quantitative variables are expressed as means (standard deviation, SD) in the case of normal distribution or medians (interquartile range, IQR) otherwise. Normality of distributions was assessed using histograms and Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Between groups baseline characteristics were compared using Chi-square test for categorical variables and using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis test for quantitative variables.

Changes in the variables at M2 and M14 (compared to M0) between groups were compared using separate linear mixed regression models, with time, group, time*group and time*baseline value as fixed effects, and patient*sample and patient as random effects to account for correlation between repeated measures. Normality of model residuals was verified graphically. Because of a deviation in normality of residuals for the mMRC scale, a non-parametric analysis of covariance model (ANCOVA) was used. These analyses were repeated with adjustment on unbalanced confounding factors between groups (geographic area, sex, airflow obstruction, COPD prevalence, number of comorbidities, 6MST at baseline). All analyses were repeated after handling missing values and confounding factors by multiple imputation procedure. Missing data were imputed under the missing at random assumption using a regression switching approach (m = 20 imputations) with predictive mean matching method for continuous variables and logistic regression (binary, ordinal, or polynomial) for qualitative variables. The imputation procedure was performed using all main baseline characteristics and outcomes, and estimates obtained in the different imputed data sets were combined using the Rubin’s rules.

Results

A total of 2734 individuals with CRDs were contacted by the PR team: 78 (2.8%) were not enrolled in PR after the learning needs assessment visit (lack of motivation, n = 45; hospitalisation, n = 8; lung transplantation, n = 3; death, n = 22). Retrospectively, 57 participants (2.1%) were excluded for enrolling in a second PR programme within the same year, and 149 (5.6%) with active cancer treatment.

A total of 2450 participants were included (42.3% female, mean age: 64.4 ± 12.9 years, mean FEV₁: 50.7 ± 25.2% of predicted, COPD: 51%, ILD: 23%, asthma: 10%) (Table 1). Over the 11-year period, 265 (10.8%) participants performed two home-based PR programmes, 30 (1.2%) performed three and 4 (0.2%) performed four. Participants were retrospectively divided into 4 groups depending on the care manager’s professional background: group 1 (Gr 1): 6 nurses, 989 individuals; group 2 (Gr 2): 1 physiotherapist and 1 kinesiologist, 466 individuals; group 3 (Gr 3): 1 dietician and 1 sociomedical beautician, 794 individuals; and group 4 (Gr 4): 1 respiratory physician, 201 individuals (Figure 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the participants according to the care managers groups.

	n	Total group (n = 2450)	n	Gr 1 (n = 989)	n	Gr 2 (n = 466)	n	Gr 3 (n = 794)	n	Gr 4 (n = 201)	p-value
Age, years	2450	64.4 ± 12.9	989	65.0 ± 12.7	466	64.5 ± 12.3	794	63.5 ± 13.3	201	64.5 ± 13.2	0.13
Female, n (%)	2450	1037 (42.3)	989	412 (41.7)	466	200 (42.9)	794	361 (45.5)	201	64 (31.8)	0.006
BMI, kg/m²	2413	28.3 ± 8.1	978	28.2 ± 8.0	460	28.5 ± 8.1	785	28.5 ± 8.3	199	27.5 ± 7.7	0.26
Smoking status, n (%)	2450		989		466		794		201		0.80
Never		763 (31.1)		306 (30.9)		134 (28.8)		255 (32.1)		68 (33.8)
Current		270 (11.0)		105 (10.6)		51 (10.9)		92 (11.6)		22 (10.9)
Former		1417 (57.8)		578 (58.4)		281 (60.3)		447 (56.3)		111 (55.2)
Socio-professional category	2358		947		450		774		201		0.57
High, n (%)		678 (28.8)		265 (28.0)		128 (28.4)		236 (30.5)		49 (26.2)
Low, n (%)		1680 (71.2)		682 (72.0)		322 (71.6)		538 (69.5)		138 (73.8)
Geographic area, n (%)	2450		989		466		794		201		<0.001
Urban		1929 (78.7)		795 (80.4)		373 (80.0)		582 (73.3)		179 (89.1)
Peri-urban		375 (15.3)		153 (15.5)		69 (14.8)		136 (17.1)		17 (8.5)
Rural		146 (6.0)		41 (4.1)		24 (5.2)		76 (9.6)		5 (2.5)
Primary disease, n (%)	2450		989		466		794		201
COPD		1237 (50.5)		521 (52.7)		246 (52.8)		367 (46.2)		103 (51.2)	0.024
ILD		559 (22.8)		210 (21.2)		98 (21.0)		202 (25.4)		49 (24.4)	0.12
Asthma		244 (10.0)		91 (9.2)		48 (10.3)		88 (11.1)		17 (8.5)	0.37
Covid −19		46 (1.9)		12 (1.2)		9 (1.9)		19 (2.4)		6 (3.0)	0.18
OSAS and OHS		179 (7.3)		79 (8.0)		34 (7.3)		55 (6.9)		11 (5.5)	0.61
Others^a		185 (7.6)		76 (7.7)		31 (6.6)		63 (7.9)		15 (7.5)	0.86
Comorbidities sum, n (%)	2450	5.1 ± 2.8	989	4.9 ± 2.8	466	4.5 ± 2.9	794	5.8 ± 2.8	201	4.8 ± 2.4	<0.001
Respiratory function^b
FEV₁, % of predicted	1899	50.7 ± 25.2	790	49.7 ± 24.4	355	50.5 ± 24.8	602	52.4 ± 26.2	152	50.4 ± 25.6	0.43
FVC, % of predicted	1671	67.0 ± 22.3	703	66.5 ± 22.3	306	67.4 ± 20.8	528	67.4 ± 22.7	134	67.2 ± 23.7	0.89
FEV₁/FVC, % of predicted	1677	62.4 ± 20.6	710	62.2 ± 20.9	309	61.1 ± 19.7	523	64.6 ± 20.9	135	58.3 ± 20.0	0.006
Respiratory equipment	2450		989		466		794		201
LTOT, n (%)		1469 (60.0)		609 (61.6)		256 (54.9)		485 (61.1)		119 (59.2)	0.092
NIV, n (%)		625 (25.5)		261 (26.4)		128 (27.5)		186 (23.4)		50 (24.9)	0.36
CPAP, n (%)		319 (13.0)		135 (13.7)		59 (12.7)		100 (12.6)		25 (12.4)	0.90

Note. High socio-professional category included craftsman, retailers, company manager and executive. Low socio-professional category included farmer, employee, factory worker and people with no occupational activity.

Abbreviations. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILD, interstitial lung disease; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; OHS, obesity hypoventilation syndrome; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; LTOT, long term oxygen therapy; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure.

^aOthers CRDs included: chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, aspergillosis, sarcoidosis and silicosis.

^bcollected from the medical record provided by the respiratory specialist.

Figure 1.

Flow chart of study participants according to care manager groups. Abbreviations. CRD, chronic respiratory disease; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation.

Baseline characteristics and assessments

Participants in Gr 3 lived more often in rural areas and had more comorbidities than those in Gr 1, Gr 2 and Gr 4 (p < 0.001) (Table 1). COPD prevalence was lower in Gr 3 than in Gr 1 and Gr 2 (p = 0.024). Males were more frequent in Gr 4 than Gr 2 and Gr 3 (p = 0.006) and airflow limitation was more severe in Gr 4 than Gr 3 (p = 0.006). 6MST performance was higher in Gr 3 than Gr 1 (p < 0.001) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Baseline assessments score according to the care managers groups.

	n	Total group (n = 2450)	n	Gr 1 (n = 989)	n	Gr 2 (n = 466)	n	Gr 3 (n = 794)	n	Gr 4 (n = 201)	p-value
CAT, score (0-40)	1410	21.6 ± 7.8	490	21.6 ± 8.0	384	21.8 ± 8.0	437	21.9 ± 7.3	99	20.3 ± 7.9	0.28
VSRQ, score (0-80)	1020	32.6 ± 15.6	489	33.2 ± 16.5	82	35.0 ± 15.4	352	31.1 ± 14.1	97	32.5 ± 16.3	0.093
HAD_Anxiety (0-21)	2441	9.3 ± 4.6	984	9.3 ± 4.7	466	9.0 ± 4.6	794	9.4 ± 4.6	197	9.4 ± 4.4	0.51
HAD_Depressive (0-21)	2441	7.7 ± 4.2	984	7.6 ± 4.2	466	7.4 ± 4.2	794	7.9 ± 4.2	197	7.9 ± 4.2	0.20
mMRC dyspnea scale (0-4)	1792	3 (2 to 4)	671	3 (2 to 4)	381	3 (2 to 4)	611	3 (2 to 4)	129	3 (2 to 4)	0.11
6MST, strokes	1965	341 ± 168	793	321 ± 155	389	338 ± 172	618	366 ± 180	165	349 ± 160	<0.001

Note. Values are mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).

Abbreviations. CAT, COPD assessment test; VSRQ, visual simplified respiratory questionnaire; HAD, hospital anxiety and depression scale; mMRC, modified medical research council scale; 6MST, 6-minute stepper test.

Follow ups and dropouts

Of the 2450 participants, 234 (9.6%) did not complete PR and 671 (27.4%) missed the 1-year follow-up (Figure 1). Gr 1 and Gr 2 had more individuals assessed at 1 year than Gr 4 (p = 0.023). Overall mortality, combining deaths during the 2-month programme and the subsequent 12-months follow-up did not differ between groups (12.8%, 11.4%, 14.2%, and 13.4%, respectively; p = 0.28).

Changes at the end of the programme

All four groups showed significant improvement in all outcomes compared to baseline (p < 0.01; Table 3 (per protocol analysis), Supplemental Materials T2 (adjusted analysis) and T3 (adjusted and imputed analysis). No significant between-group differences were observed in changes from M0 to M2 (all p > 0.15): CAT decreased by −3.2 to −4.9 points (p < 0.001), VSRQ increased by + 5.3 to + 8.1 points (p < 0.001), HAD-Anxiety decreased by −1.0 to −1.5 points (p < 0.01), HAD-Depression decreased by −1.6 to −1.9 points (p < 0.01), and 6MST performance improved by + 68 to +79 strokes (p < 0.005). Adjusted analyses confirmed these findings, except for VSRQ in Group 2, which no longer showed significant improvement (mean change = + 3.5 [−0.3 to 7.3] points, p = 0.092). Adjusted and imputed analyses also confirmed significant improvement across outcomes without between-group differences (Supplemental Tables T2 and T3).

Table 3.

Delta of the assessments changes at short (M2) and long-term (M14) after PR according to care manager group (per protocol analysis).

	Gr 1		Gr 2		Gr 3		Gr 4
	ΔM2-M0	ΔM14-M0	ΔM2-M0	ΔM14-M0	ΔM2-M0	ΔM14-M0	ΔM2-M0	ΔM14-M0
CAT, score	−3.8 [−4.7 to −2.9]	−4.1 [−5.1 to −3.1]	−3.9 [−4.9 to −2.9]	−3.4 [−4.5 to −2.2]	−4.9 [−5.9 to −3.9]	−4.1 [−5.3 to −3.0]	−3.2 [−5.7 to −0.8]	−3.3 [−5.6 to −1.0]
VSRQ, score	8.1 [6.5 to 9.7]	5.5 [3.5 to 7.5]	5.3 [1.4 to 9.3]	1.9 [−2.9 to 6.7]	8.1 [6.1 to 10.2]	6.4 [3.8 to 8.9]	5.5 [1.5 to 9.3]	5.9 [1.1 to 10.6]
HAD_Anxiety	−1.3 [−1.6 to −1.0]	−1.5 [−1.8 to −1.1]	−1.5 [−2.0 to −1.0]	−1.4 [−2.0 to −0.8]	−1.4 [−1.8 to −1.0]	−1.6 [−2.0 to −1.1]	−1.0 [−1.8 to −0.3]	−1.3 [−2.2 to −0.4]
HAD_Depressive	−1.9 [-2.2 to −1.6]	−1.8 [−2.2 to −1.4]	−1.8 [−2.3 to −1.3]	−1.4 [−1.9 to −0.8]	−1.7 [−2.1 to −1.3]	−1.7 [−2.1 to −1.2]	−1.6 [-2.3 to −0.8]	−2.1 [−3.0 to −1.2]
6MST, strokes	79 [67 to 92]	57 [41 to 73]	77 [57 to 97]	28 [3 to 53]	74 [59 to 89]	57 [37 to 76]	68 [39 to 97]	52 [15 to 88]

Note. Data are presented as Mean [CI 95%]. Delta were obtained from linear mixed regression models using all available data. Number of completers at M2 were: CAT : Gr 1: n = 419 (47.1%), Gr 2: n = 337 (76.6%), Gr 3: n = 360 (50.1%), Gr 4: n = 72 (40.0%); VSRQ : Gr 1: n = 444 (49.9%), Gr 2: n = 80 (18.6%), Gr 3: n = 291 (40.5%), Gr 4: n = 88 (48.9%); HAD_Anxiety : Gr 1: n = 878 (98.8%), Gr 2: n = 423 (98.6%), Gr 3: n = 699 (97.3%), Gr 4: n = 174 (96.7%); HAD_Depressive : Gr 1: n = 878 (98.8%), Gr 2: n = 423 (98.6%), Gr 3: n = 699 (97.3%), Gr 4: n = 174 (96.7%); 6MST : Gr 1: n = 661 (74.3%), Gr 2: n = 317 (73.9%), Gr 3: n = 499 (69.5%), Gr 4: n = 127 (70.6%). Number of completers at M14 were: CAT : Gr 1: n = 301 (46.1%), Gr 2: n = 234 (77.5%), Gr 3: n = 247 (51.9%), Gr 4: n = 47 (41.2%); VSRQ : Gr 1: n = 325 (49.8%), Gr 2: n = 57 (18.9%), Gr 3: n = 201 (42.2%), Gr 4: n = 58 (50.9%); HAD_Anxiety : Gr 1: n = 630 (96.5%), Gr 2: n = 295 (97.7%), Gr 3: n = 456 (95.8%), Gr 4: n = 108 (94.7%); HAD_Depressive : Gr 1: n = 630 (96.5%), Gr 2: n = 295 (97.7%), Gr 3: n = 456 (95.8%), Gr 4: n = 108 (94.7%); 6MST : Gr 1: n = 355 (54.4%), Gr 2: n = 145 (48.0%), Gr 3: n = 249 (52.3%), Gr 4: n = 67 (58.8%).

Abbreviations. CAT, COPD assessment test; VSRQ, visual simplified respiratory questionnaire; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; 6MST, 6-minute stepper test.

The minimal clinically important difference of the CAT, VSRQ, HAD and 6MST is considered to be a change of 2, 3.4 and 1.5 points (subscore), and 40 strokes, respectively.

Changes at 12-months after the end of the programme

Only one outcome—VSRQ—was no longer improved at M14 in Gr 2 compared to baseline (mean change = + 1.9 [−2.9 to 6.7] points, p = 0.317). Between-group comparisons showed a significant difference only for 6MST, with Gr 2 showing smaller gains (28 strokes vs 57 strokes in Gr 1 and Gr 3 and 52 strokes in Gr 4, p < 0.001). Adjusted and imputed analysis confirmed significant improvement without differences between groups (Supplemental Materials T2 And T3). The proportion of individuals reaching the MCID for each outcome is detailed in the Supplements T4.

Discussion

The main finding of this real-life study is that health-related quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms, dyspnea, and exercise capacity improved similarly across care manager groups by the end of the programme. In other words, with intensive initial training specific to PR (2 months) and ongoing weekly in-service training (4 h/week), healthcare professionals—regardless of their original discipline—were able to deliver an effective face-to-face, home-based programme for individuals with CRDs. This home transdisciplinary model provides an alternative to conventional centre-based multidisciplinary PR by reaching patients with various CRDs and comorbidities in urban, suburban, and rural settings who are unable or unwilling to attend facility-based programmes.

In line with recent international guidelines,^2,18 the home-based programme included not only individuals with COPD,¹¹ but also those with ILD,¹² asthma,¹⁹ obstructive sleep apnea²⁰ and more recently, COVID-19,²¹ involving over 2500 individuals with CRDs over 11 years. Due to the real-world design, 40% of participants were cared for by nurses and less than 20% by physiotherapists—reflecting the recruitment of six nurses, compared to three kinesiologists and one physiotherapist between 2010 and 2021. Baseline characteristics differed between groups, including sex, geographical location, primary diagnosis, comorbidities and airflow obstruction. Gr 4 comprised only one male respiratory physician, who occasionally cared for male patients when the originally assigned (mostly female) care managers felt unsafe continuing visits (e.g., due to sexist remarks or unsafe neighborhoods). Group 3 managed more rural patients, as allocation was based on care managers’ residence. These factors introduced allocation bias. Nonetheless, patients across groups showed similar short-term improvements, and results remained consistent after adjusting for baseline differences.

A substantial body of evidence supports the efficacy of home-based PR.^5,9,22 However, comparisons with existing studies are limited, as most protocols rely on remote delivery (e.g., telephone or group videoconference).^23–25 The closest model, conducted in Australia for individuals with COPD, involves an initial supervised home visit followed by weekly phone calls over 7 weeks.²⁴ These calls included exercise guidance and personalised education, delivered by a physiotherapist trained in motivational interviewing. Although home-based PR was equivalent to center-based PR for improving health-related quality of life and exercise capacity, long-term benefits were observed to decrease in both PR modalities.²⁴ In the present study, at long-term follow-up, only the physiotherapist group showed no sustained improvement in VSRQ and had the least maintenance of 6MST performance. This was unexpected, as physiotherapists typically lead exercise training in PR programmes.¹ Long-term benefits depend heavily on motivational communication and self-management strategies,²⁶ which may be underemphasised in the initial training of physiotherapists in France. In addition, this group had the least prior professional experience, as their employment was among their first positions, whereas care managers in other groups were older and had more extensive patient-care backgrounds. Together with missing long-term data, these factors may have contributed to the reduced maintenance of benefits observed in this group.

The case manager concept—typically held by a nurse or physiotherapist in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation—has primarily been developed to provide education and support self-management during the PR programme.²⁷ More recent studies have extended their role to support physical activity maintenance post-PR and coordinate care with community healthcare providers.^28,29 Case managers act as key resources, maintaining regular contact with patients, their families, and respiratory physicians, while also facilitating communication within the interdisciplinary PR team. However, this role differs from the care manager model developed in the present study, as case managers primarily coordinate rather than directly deliver the PR programme. However, telephone follow-up by case managers represents a cost-effective approach to patient education and monitoring³⁰ and can promote the maintenance of physical activity and self-management strategies following PR.^28,29 These two models are complementary and represent approaches that warrant further investigation for their potential to improve accessibility and maintain long-term outcomes, in conjunction with standard centre-based programmes.

Strengths and limitations

Although a large number of individuals with CRDs were included, the monocentric, non-randomised design and absence of a control group—where participants would have been managed by different healthcare professionals—limit the applicability of the findings. This design led to differences in group allocation and baseline characteristics, which were addressed through adjusted and imputed statistical analyses. The real-life personalised design of the study and absence of a physical activity diary precluded any conclusion on educational and physical training adherence or fidelity. Over 11 years of practice, no major events (e.g., death or cardiac arrest) were reported. Minor adverse events such as hypoglycemia, arrhythmia, vagal discomfort, and muscle soreness did occur and were recorded in the electronic medical record system. However, this data cannot yet be extracted and may not have been consistently recorded across all 2450 participants. All assessments were conducted at the patient’s home by the same care manager delivering the programme, which may have introduced minimal bias. Exceptionally, a different care manager performed the 12-months assessment (e.g., if the original care manager left the team or was on extended leave). Linear mixed models were first applied to individuals with complete data at all time points (baseline, post-PR, and 12-months follow-up). This approach reduced the sample size, particularly in Group 4 and for the 6MST, where only 31.8% had complete data. Multiple imputation was used to address this, but the high proportion of missing data remains a major limitation. For all these reasons, this study should be complemented by robustly designed randomised, controlled and multicentric trials.

Implementing the care manager model within conventional multidisciplinary centre-based PR may be challenging due to legal and scope-of-practice limitations. Healthcare professionals may be accustomed operating in silos: “my job, my role and responsibilities”.⁷ In a transdisciplinary model, however, traditional boundaries must be crossed: each team member contributes their expertise while also allowing others to apply that knowledge in practice. Effective implementation requires dedicated training, and programme leadership must be willing to invest in professionals who may not generate revenue during the early phase of their onboarding. However, in France at least, roles are now expanding—nurses, physiotherapists, and pharmacists can prescribe treatments such as nicotine substitutes—suggesting that similar approaches could benefit PR programmes.

Conclusion

This real-life study of over 2500 individuals with chronic respiratory disease showed that a personalised home-based PR programme delivered by one care manager, led to similar short-term benefits in health-related quality of life, dyspnoea, anxiety and depressive symptoms and exercise capacity, regardless of the care manager’s initial professional background. Home-based transdisciplinary PR could complement conventional centre-based programmes, offering a promising approach to enhance accessibility and support long-term outcomes, which should be further investigated.

Supplemental material

Supplemental material - Does care managers’ initial professional background affect the outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation? A retrospective cohort study of 2450 individuals with chronic respiratory diseases

Supplemental material for Does care managers’ initial professional background affect the outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation? A retrospective cohort study of 2450 individuals with chronic respiratory diseases by Sarah Gephine, Olivier Le Rouzic, Emeline Cailliau, Cécile Chenivesse and Jean-Marie Grosbois in Chronic Respiratory Disease

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the patients who participated in this research and the home-based PR team (Aurore Benitende, Geneviéve Bressy, Annie Chaud, Sophie Duriez, Gaetan Evrard, Géraldine Gabet, Mathieu Grosbois, Audrey Krol, Marjorie Lambinet, Anna Lorthioy, Maite Mabille, Valentine Opsomer, Camille Paluch, Christine Pruvost, Lucas Sion, Aurore Taccoen, Gaelle Tywoniuk, Florence Urbain, Sandrine Vanexem, Laura Verstrynge, and Virginie Wauquier) for their role in delivering the interventions and help with data collection.

ORCID iDs

Sarah Gephine

Emeline Cailliau

Ethical considerations

Approval for the observational research protocol was granted by the CEPRO (French Language Society of Pulmonology) Research Ethics Committee (2021-054), which also approved the retrospective analysis.

Consent to participate

All participants provided written informed consent prior to the start of the study.

Author contributions

SG and JMG: conceptualisation, execution, acquisition of data, formal analysis and interpretation, writing the original draft. EC: formal analysis. CC, OLR: writing – review and editing. All authors gave final approval of the version to be published.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The delivery of the home-based PR programme was financially supported Adair, Aeris Santé, Elivie, France Oxygène, Homeperf, LVL, Médopale, NorOx, Santélys, Santéo, SOS Oxygène, Sysmed, VentilHome, VitalAire and ARS Hauts-de-France. The funders played no role in the design, conduct or reporting of this study.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: SG and EC have nothing to disclose. OLR reports personal fees and non-financial support unrelated to the submitted work from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, CSL Behring, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD France, Vertex and Vitalaire. OLR is principal investigator in studies for Vertex and CSL Behring. CC reports personal fees and non-financial support unrelated to the submitted work from ALK-Abello, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GlaxoSmithKlein, MEDA Pharma, Medexact, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Santélys, and TEVA. JMG reports personal fees and non-financial support unrelated to the submitted work from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, CSL Behring, GlaxoSmithKlein, Menarini.

Data Availability Statement

De-identified individual data are available on reasonable request to the corresponding author.*

Supplemental material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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