Catalase (antioxidant enzyme) activity in erythrocytes and serum levels of trace elements (copper, iron, zinc), heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt) and vitamins A (retinol), D (cholecalciferol) and E (α-tocopherol) were measured in 145 subjects comprising 47 pre-eclamptic pregnant women (PE), 48 healthy pregnant women (HP) and 50 healthy non-pregnant controls (NP). Catalase, vitamins A, D and E and levels of cobalt were significantly lower in the PE group compared with the HP and NP groups, whereas levels of copper, iron and cadmium were significantly higher in the PE group than in the HP and NP groups. Levels of zinc were significantly lower in both the PE and HP groups compared with the NP group. This assessment of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in pregnant women could be useful in the early identification of pre-eclampsia and antioxidant supplementation in the early weeks of gestation might be useful.
ZhangCWilliamsMASanchezSE: Plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol2001; 153: 572–580.
2.
SagolSOzkinayEOzsenerS: Impaired antioxidant activity in women with preeclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet1999; 64: 121–127.
3.
RobertsJMTaylorRNGoldfenA: Clinical and biochemical evidence of endothelial cell dysfunction in the pregnancy syndrome preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens1991; 4: 700–708.
4.
LockwoodCJPetersJH: Increased plasma levels of ED1+ cellular fibronectin precede the clinical signs of pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol1990; 162: 358–362.
5.
RobertsJM: Endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. Semin Reprod Endocrinol1998; 16: 5–15.
6.
CaniggiaIWinterJLyeSJ: Oxygen and placental development during the first trimester: Implications for the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta2000; 21: 25–30.
7.
RumirisDPurwosunuYWibowoN: Lower rate of pre-eclampsia after antioxidant supplementation in pregnant women with low antioxidant status. Hypertens Pregnancy2006; 25: 241–253.
8.
WangYWalshSWGuJ: The imbalance between thromboxane and prostacyclin in pre-eclampsia is associated with an imbalance between lipid peroxides and vitamin E in maternal blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol1991; 165: 1695–1700.
9.
MikhailMSAnyaegbunamAGarfinkelD: Pre-eclampsia and antioxidant nutrients: Decreased plasma levels of reduced ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene in women with pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol1994; 171: 150–157.
10.
KwasniewskaATukendorfASemczukM: Serum antioxidant concentration in pregnancy induced hypertension. Clin Invest Med Sci Monit1998; 4: 448–452.
11.
SchiffEFriedmanSAStampferM: Dietary consumption and plasma concentrations of vitamin E in pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol1996; 175: 1024–1028.
12.
YamanMKayaKSimsekM: Comparison of trace element concentrations in cancerous and noncancerous human endometrial and ovary tissues. Int J Gynecol Cancer2007; 17: 220–228.
13.
PatelBNDunnRJJeongSY: Ceruloplasmin regulates iron levels in CNS and prevents free radical injury. J Neurosci2002; 22: 6578–6586.
14.
JonssonJJJohannessonGMSigfussonN: Prevalence of iron deficiency and iron overload in the adult Icelandic population. J Clin Epidemiol1991; 44: 1293–1297.
15.
DereviankoRD'AmicoTGraeberH: Endogenous PMN-derived reactive oxygen intermediates provide feedback regulation on respiratory burst signal transduction. J Leukocyte Biol1997; 62: 268–276.
16.
IlhanNIlhanNSimsekM: The changes of trace elements, malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activities in pregnancy with or without preeclampsia. Clin Biochem2002; 35: 393–397.
17.
MahomedKWilliamsMAWoelkGB: Leukocyte selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Biol Trace Element Res2000; 75: 107–118.
18.
RaniAU: Cadmium-induced bioaccumulation in the selected tissues of a freshwater teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus. Ann NY Acad Sci2000; 919: 318–320.
19.
StohsSJBagchiD: Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med1995; 18: 321–336.
20.
KajiTSuzukiMYamamotoC: Severe damage of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer after simultaneous exposure to cadmium and lead. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol1995; 28: 168–172.
21.
HeoYParsonsPJLawrenceDA: Lead differentially modifies cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol1996; 138: 149–157.
22.
VaziriNDDingYNiZ: Compensatory up-regulation of nitric-oxide synthase isoforms in lead-induced hypertension: Reversal by a superoxide dismutase-mimetic drug. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2001; 298: 679–685.
23.
DemontisMPVaroniMVVolpeAR: Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the acute hypertensive response to intracerebro-ventricular cadmium. Br J Pharmacol1998; 123: 129–135.
24.
LinJLLin-TanDTHsuKH: Environmental lead exposure and progression of chronic renal diseases in patients without diabetes. N Engl J Med2003; 348: 277–286.
25.
AebiH: Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol1984; 105: 121–126.
26.
MeralIMertHMertN: Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res2007; 1169: 120–124.
27.
ChoCHPfeifferCJMisraHP: Ulcerogenic mechanism of ethanol and the activation of sulphanilyl on the rat stomach in vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol1991; 43: 495–498.
28.
KanterMDemirHKarakayaC: Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa L oil and its constituent, thymoquinone against acute alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol2005; 11: 6662–6666.
29.
HarmaMHarmaMErelO: Measurement of the total antioxidant response in pre-eclampsia with a novel automated method. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2005; 118: 47–51.
30.
KaurGMishraSSehgalA: Alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in pregnancy with pre-eclampsia. Mol Cell Biochem2008; 313: 37–44.
31.
BodnarLMCatovJMSimhanHN: Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of pre-eclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab2007; 92: 3517–3522.
32.
GratacósE: Lipid-mediated endothelial dysfunction: A common factor to preeclampsia and chronic vascular disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol2000; 92: 63–66.
33.
ChappellLCSeedPTBrileyAL: Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: A randomised trial. Lancet1999; 354: 810–816.
34.
YankFFAmanvermezRYankA: Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia associated with increased lipid peroxidation and decreased serum vitamin E levels. Int J Gynecol Obstet1999; 64: 27–33.
35.
BrandesJMLightmanAItskovitzJ: Zinc concentration in gravida's serum and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Biol Neonate1980; 38: 66–70.
36.
JamesonS: Effects of zinc deficiency in human reproduction. Acta Med Scand1976; 593: 1–89.
37.
BassiouniBAFodaAIRafeiAA: Maternal and fetal plasma zinc in pre-eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol1979; 9: 75–80.
38.
AmesBN: DNA damage from micronutrient deficiencies is likely to be a major cause of cancer. Mutat Res2001; 475: 7–20.
39.
SerdarZGurEDeveliogluO: Serum iron and copper status and oxidative stress in severe and mild pre-eclampsia. Cell Biochem Funct2006; 24: 209–215.
40.
HubelCAKozlovAVKaganVE: Decreased transferrin and increased transferrin saturation in sera of women with pre-eclampsia: Implications for oxidative stress. Am J Obstet Gynecol1996; 175: 692–700.
41.
RaymanMPBarlisJEvansRW: Abnormal iron parameters in the pregnancy syndrome pre-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol2002; 187: 412–418.
42.
VigehMYokoyamaKRamezanzadehF: Lead and other trace metals in pre-eclampsia: A case–control study in Tehran, Iran. Environ Res2006; 100: 268–275.
