The justification for planning intervention has traditionally centred on the concept of the public interest. The situation is completely different today. Even though there are still some planning theorists trying to defend the idea of the public interest, and even though there are some planning practitioners still referring to the idea of the public interest, this traditional idea is today under severe attack. The purpose of this article is to explore the possibility of reconstructing the public interest criterion.
Alexander, E.R. (1992) Approaches to Planning. Philadelphia, PA: Gordon and Breach.
2.
Alexander, E.R. (2001) ‘The Planner-Prince: Rationalities, Interdependence and Post-Communicative Practice’, Planning Theory & Practice2(3): 311-324.
3.
Alexander, E.R. (2002) ‘The Public Interest in Planning: From Legitimation to Substantive Plan Evaluation’, Planning Theory1(3): 226-249.
4.
Alexander, E.R. (2003) ‘Planning Rights: What They Are, and How Planners Deal with Them’. Paper presented at the Third Joint Congress AESOP-ACSP, Leuven, 8-12 July.
5.
Altshuler, A. (1965) ‘The Goals of Comprehensive Planning’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners31(3): 186-197.
6.
Barry, B. (1990) Political Argument. New York: Harvester.
7.
Bird, C. (1999) The Myth of Liberal Individualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8.
Brodbeck M. (1968) ‘Methodological Individualism: Definition and Reduction’, in M. Brodbeck (ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, pp. 280-303. London: Macmillan.
9.
Burton, D.J. and Murphy, M.B. (1980) ‘Democratic Planning in Austerity: Practices and Theory’, in P. Clavel, J. Forester and W.W. Goldsmith (eds) Urban and Regional Planning in an Age of Austerity, pp. 177-205. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
10.
Campbell, S. and Fainstein, S.S. (1996) ‘Introduction: The Structure and Debate of Planning Theory’, in S. Campbell and S.S. Fainstein (eds) Readings in Planning Theory, pp. 1-15. Oxford: Blackwell.
11.
Campbell, H. and Marshall, R. (2002) ‘Utilitarianism’s Bad Breath? A Re-Evaluation of the Public Interest Justification for Planning’, Planning Theory1(2): 163-187.
12.
Conway, D. (1995) Classical Liberalism. London: Macmillan.
13.
Davidoff, P. (1965) ‘Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners31(4): 331-338.
14.
Davidoff, P., Davidoff, L. and Gold, N.N. (1970) ‘Suburban Action: Advocate Planning for an Open Society’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners36(1): 12-21.
15.
Dworkin, R. (1977) Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16.
Ferraro, G. (1996) ‘Planning as Creative Interpretation’, in S.J. Mandelbaum, L. Mazza and R.W. Burchell (eds) Explorations in Planning Theory, pp. 312-327. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
17.
Flathman, R.B. (1966) The Public Interest: An Essay Concerning the Normative Discourse of Politics. New York: Wiley.
18.
Gray, J. (2000) Two Faces of Liberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
19.
Harper, T.L. and Stein, S.M. (1995) ‘A Classical Liberal (Libertarian) Approach to Planning Theory’, in S. Hendler (ed.) Planning Ethics, pp. 11-29. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
20.
Harsanyi, J.C. (1977) Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21.
Hayek, F.A. (1982) Law, Legislation and Liberty. London: Routledge.
22.
Holmes, S. (1989) ‘The Permanent Structure of Antiliberal Thought’, in N.L. Rosenblum (ed.) Liberalism and the Moral Life, pp. 227-253. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23.
Holmes, S. (1995) Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
24.
Howe, E. (1994) Acting on Ethics in City Planning. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
25.
Johnston, D. (1994) The Idea of a Liberal Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
26.
Kekes, J. (1993) The Morality of Pluralism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
27.
Kiernan, M.J. (1983) ‘Ideology, Politics, and Planning: Reflections on the Theory and Practice of Urban Planning’, Environment and Planning B10(1): 71-87.
28.
Klosterman, R.E. (1980) ‘A Public Interest Criterion’, Journal of the American Planning Association46(3): 323-333.
29.
Kukathas, C. and Pettit, P. (1990) Rawls: A Theory of Justice and its Critics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
30.
Kymlicka, W. (1990) Contemporary Political Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
31.
Lai, L.W.C. (2002) ‘Libertarians on the Road to Town Planning’, Town Planning Review73(2): 289-310.
32.
Larmore, C. (1996) The Morals of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
Lowri, K. (1994) ‘The Legitimation of Planning’, Planning Theory6(10-11): 99-109.
34.
Lucy, W.H. (1988) ‘APA’s Ethical Principles Include Simplistic Planning Theories’, Journal of the American Planning Association54(2): 147-148.
35.
Lukes, S. (1973) Individualism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
36.
Lynch, K. (1981) A Theory of Good City Form. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37.
McAuslan, P. (1980) The Ideologies of Planning Law. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
38.
Mazza, L. (1990) ‘Planning as a Moral Craft’, Planning Theory2(3): 47-50.
39.
Meyerson, M. and Banfield, E.C. (1955) Politics, Planning and the Public Interest: The Case of Public Housing in Chicago. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
40.
Moroni, S. (1993) ‘Planning Theory, Practical Philosophy and Phronesis: Comments on Flyvbjerg’, Planning Theory5(9): 120-133.
41.
Moroni, S. (1994a) ‘Planning, Assessment and Utilitarianism’, Planning Theory6(12): 81-107.
42.
Moroni, S. (1994b) ‘Osservazioni Critiche Sugli Aspetti Normativi di A Theory of Good City Form di Kevin Lynch’ [A Critical Discussion of the Normative Aspects of Kevin Lynch’s A Theory of Good City Form], CRU1(2): 35-43.
43.
Moroni, S. (1995) ‘Sul Ruolo Della Ragione Pratica nel Campo della Pianificazione Territoriale’ [Practical Rationality in Planning], CRU2(4): 6-23.
44.
Moroni, S. (1997) Etica e territorio [Ethics and Planning]. Milan: Angeli.
45.
Moroni, S. (2001a) ‘Planning, Evaluation and the Public Interest’, paper presented at the International Seminar in Honour of Nathaniel Lichfield, London, 16-17 February.
46.
Moroni, S. (2001b) Pianificazione del Territorio: Ragioni, Bisogni, Responsabilità [Spatial Planning: Reasons, Needs, and Responsibilities]. Turin: UTET.
47.
Moroni, S. (2003a) ‘L’interesse Pubblico’, CRU13: 7-15.
48.
Moroni, S. (2003b) ‘L’interesse Pubblico: Un Concetto Definitivamente Screditato o Ancora Rilevante per le Attività di Pianificazione del Territorio?’ [The Public Interest: A Definitively Discardable or Still Useful Concept for Planning Practices?], in F.D. Moccia and D. De Leo (eds) I Nuovi Soggetti Della Pianificazione [Stake-holders in Contemporary Planning], pp. 459-474. Milan: Angeli.
49.
Nagel, T. (1997) The Last Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
50.
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
51.
Pennington, M. (2002) ‘A Hayekian Liberal Critique of Collaborative Planning’, in P. Allmendinger and M. Tewdwr-Jones (eds) Planning Futures: New Directions for Planning Theory. London: Routledge.
52.
Pollock, L. (1996) The Free Society. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
53.
Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54.
Rawls, J. (1982) ‘Social Unity and Primary Goods’, in A. Sen and B. Williams (eds) Utilitarianism and Beyond, pp. 159-185. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55.
Rawls, J. (2001) Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
56.
Rittel, H.W.J. and Webber, M.M. (1973) ‘Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning’, Policy Sciences4(2): 155-169.
57.
Ross, S. (1991) ‘Planning and the Public Interest’, The Planner77(40): 55-57.
58.
Sandercock, L. (1998) Towards Cosmopolis. Planning for Multicultural Cities. Chichester: Wiley.
59.
Simmie, J. (1974) Citizens in Conflict: The Sociology of Town Planning. London: Hutchinson.
60.
Sorensen, A.D. and Day, R.A. (1981) ‘Libertarian Planning’, Town Planning Review52(4): 390-402.
61.
Strasnick, S. (1976) ‘The Problem of Social Choice: Arrow to Rawls’, Philosophy and Public Affairs5(3): 241-273.
62.
Taylor, N. (1994) ‘Environmental Issues and the Public Interest’, in H. Thomas (ed.) Values and Planning, pp. 87-115. Aldershot: Avebury.
63.
Vasu, M.L. (1979) Politics and Planning: A National Study of American Planners. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
64.
Vettoretto, L. (1997) ‘Planning Theory and Fragmented Societies: Explorations in Melvin Webber’s Civic Liberalism’, Planning Theory9(17): 113-141.
65.
Ylvisaker, P.N. (1961) ‘Diversity and the Public Interest’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners27(2): 107-117.
