Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background:

Some studies have evaluated the associations between the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension (EH) risk. However, the results remain uncertain. We carried out a meta-analysis to derive a more comprehensive estimation of these associations.

Methods:

Case-control studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wangfang databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the associations.

Results:

Significant associations were found between the ACE2 G8790A polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.11–1.44; p = 0.0004; I² = 34%) and females (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.34; p = 0.0003; I² = 31%), respectively. Significant associations were also observed between the ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10–1.39; p = 0.0004; I² = 18%) and females (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27–1.51; p < 0.00001; I² = 0%), respectively. However, there was no significant association between the ACE2 A1075G polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 0.77–2.10; p = 0.35; I² = 69%) and females (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83–1.26; p = 0.84; I² = 33%), respectively.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the ACE2 G8790A and rs2106809 polymorphisms may be associated with EH risk.

Keywords

Essential hypertension meta-analysis genetics polymorphism

Introduction

Essential hypertension (EH) is the most common cardiovascular disease, affecting about one billion individuals worldwide. It is evident that EH is a very important public health challenge because its complications, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases, are major causes of morbidity and mortality.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a recently described renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) component that shares 42% identity with the catalytic domain of somatic ACE, has been found to play a protective role in regulation of blood pressure homeostasis and cardiac function.¹ ACE2 has one active enzymatic site and is responsible for degrading Ang II to the vasodilator Ang 1–7.² ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein that is found in most tissues, with its highest expression observed in the endothelium and heart.³ Yagil and Yagil showed that ACE2-knockout mice had 10 mmHg higher blood pressure and an enhanced response to angiotensin-II infusion compared with normal mice.⁴ Thus, it was reasonable to hypothesize that ACE2 might potentially be a candidate gene of EH.

So far, a lot of studies have investigated the association between ACE2 polymorphisms and susceptibility of EH.^5–19 However, the results from these studies were inconsistent. Although three meta-analyses on this topic have be published, some inconsistent results still exist.^20–22 For example, Lu et al. reported that the ACE2 gene polymorphism G8790A was probably a genetic risk factor for essential hypertension.²⁰ However, Zhou et al. and Li found that the ACE2 G8790A polymorphism might not be related to increased EH risk.^21,22 In addition, all these meta-analyses focused on one polymorphism: G8790A polymorphism. They did not evaluate the associations between other polymorphisms and EH risk. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis of all eligible studies to derive a more precise estimation of the associations of ACE2 polymorphisms with EH risks. This is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive meta-analysis of the association between ACE2 polymorphisms and EH susceptibility.

Methods

Publication search

Published studies were identified through a computerized search of PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wangfang databases (last search was updated on May, 2014). The search terms were used as follows: (essential hypertension or hypertension) and (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 or ACE2) and (polymorphism or mutation or variant). We also perused the reference lists of all retrieved articles and relevant reviews. There was no language restriction.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Eligible studies had to meet the following criteria: (a) only case-control studies were considered, (b) the study explored the correlation between ACE2 polymorphisms with EH risk. Major exclusion criteria were: (a) no control population, (b) no available genotype frequency, (c) when duplication of the previous publications existed, the largest or most recent publication was selected.

Data extraction

Information was extracted from all eligible publications independently by two authors according to the inclusion criteria listed above. The following information was extracted from each study: first author, publication year, racial background, age of patients, gender, number of cases and controls, polymorphisms, and odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of EH risk.

Statistical analysis

OR and 95% CI were applied to assess the strength of the association of ACE2 polymorphisms and EH risk. An allele model was used in this meta-analysis, because most of the studies reported the results in this model. Because the ACE2 gene is located on the X chromosome, all of the data for each sex were analyzed separately. Heterogeneity among studies was calculated using the χ²-based Cochran’s Q-statistic test (p < 0.10 was considered statistically significant heterogeneity); the inconsistency index I² statistic was also calculated to observe between-study variability that was due to heterogeneity rather than chance. This statistic, which was documented by percentage, yields result ranging from 0 to 100% (I² = 0–25%, no heterogeneity; I² = 25–50%, moderate heterogeneity; I² = 50–75%, large heterogeneity; I² = 75–100%, extreme heterogeneity). A random effects model using the method of DerSimonian and Laird was used in this meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by deleting a single study each time involved in the meta-analysis to identify the potential influence of the individual data set on the pooled ORs. Potential publication bias was assessed by Egger’s weighted regression method.²³ All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata software version 11.0. All p values were two sided.

Results

Study characteristics

After a comprehensive literature search applying our inclusion criteria, 15 relevant studies comprising 8966 patients and 5156 controls were identified in the final analysis. Two studies reported two case-control studies. Therefore, a total of 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis. There was only one study with Caucasians, while the rest of the studies used Asians. There were three studies on A1075G polymorphism, 15 studies on G8790A polymorphism, and four studies on rs2106809 polymorphism. The main study characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis.

Study, first author	Year	Ethnicity	Age	Gender	No. of	No. of	Polymorphism
					Cases	Controls
Benjafield⁵	2004	Caucasian	56	Both	152	193	A1075G, G8790A, G28330C, G36787C
Liu⁶	2005	Asian	57	Both	745	362	G8790A
Huang⁷	2006	Asian	53	Both	494	484	A1075G, G8790A, G16854C
Yi (1)⁸	2006	Asian	50	Both	198	131	G8790A
Yi (2)⁸	2006	Asian	53	Both	120	102	G8790A
Fan (1)⁹	2007	Asian	56	Both	973	969	rs2106809, G8790A, rs4646155, rs879922
Fan (2)⁹	2007	Asian	56	Both	283	304	rs2106809
Niu¹⁰	2007	Asian	53	Both	808	686	A1075G, G8790A
Zhang¹¹	2007	Asian	64	Both	369	199	G8790A
Fan¹²	2009	Asian	59	Both	3630	826	rs2106809, G8790A
Si¹³	2009	Asian	43–69	Both	60	60	G8790A
Jiang¹⁴	2010	Asian	51	Both	236	241	G8790A
Qu¹⁵	2010	Asian	56	Both	127	100	G8790A
Zhang¹⁶	2010	Asian	56	Both	80	76	G8790A
Hu¹⁷	2012	Asian	60	Both	325	80	G8790A
Li¹⁸	2012	Asian	56	Both	120	69	G8790A
Patnaik¹⁹	2014	Asian	49	Both	246	274	rs2106809

Quantitative data synthesis

The ACE2 A1075G polymorphism

Three studies determined the association between A1075G polymorphism and EH risk. The sample sizes for case and control groups were 1454 and 1363, respectively. There was no significant association between ACE2 A1075G polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 0.77–2.10; p = 0.35; I² = 69%) and females (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.83–1.26; p = 0.84; I² = 33%), respectively. Results of this meta-analysis are shown in Table 2. We conducted one-way sensitivity analysis to evaluate the stability of the meta-analysis. The statistical significance of the results was not altered when any single study was omitted (data not shown). Egger’s test did not indicate significant publication bias (p = 0.13 and 0.64, respectively).

Table 2.

Results of the meta-analysis.

Polymorphisms	Gender	No. of studies	Test of association		Model	Heterogeneity		Egger test p value
		No. of studies	OR (95% CI)	p value		I² (%)	p value	Egger test p value
A1075G
G vs. A	Male	3	1.27 (0.77–2.10)	0.35	R	69	0.04	0.13
G vs. A	Female	3	1.02 (0.83–1.26)	0.84	R	33	0.23	0.64
G8790A
A vs. G	Male	15	1.27 (1.11–1.44)	0.0004	R	34	0.10	0.47
A vs. G	Female	15	1.21 (1.09–1.34)	0.0003	R	31	0.12	0.21
rs2106809
T vs. C	Male	4	1.24 (1.10–1.39)	0.0004	R	18	0.30	0.89
T vs. C	Female	4	1.39 (1.27–1.51)	<0.00001	R	0	0.82	0.29

R: random-effects model; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

The ACE2 G8790A polymorphism

Fifteen studies determined the association between G8790A polymorphism and EH risk. The sample sizes for case and control groups were 8437 and 4578, respectively. Significant associations were found between ACE2 G8790A polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.11–1.44; p = 0.0004; I² = 34%) and females (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09–1.34; p = 0.0003; I² = 31%), respectively. Results of this meta-analysis are shown in Table 2. We conducted one-way sensitivity analysis to evaluate the stability of the meta-analysis. The statistical significance of the results was not altered when any single study was omitted (data not shown). Egger’s test did not indicate significant publication bias (p = 0.47 and 0.21, respectively).

The ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism

Four studies determined the association between rs2106809 polymorphism and EH risk. The sample sizes for case and control groups were 5132 and 2373, respectively. Significant associations were observed between ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism and EH risk in males (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10–1.39; p = 0.0004; I² = 18%) and females (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27–1.51; p < 0.00001; I² = 0%), respectively. Results of this meta-analysis are shown in Table 2. We conducted one-way sensitivity analysis to evaluate the stability of the meta-analysis. The statistical significance of the results was not altered when any single study was omitted (data not shown). Egger’s test did not indicate significant publication bias (p = 0.89 and 0.29, respectively).

Discussion

To evaluate the role of ACE2 in hypertension, various genetically manipulated animal models were developed for ACE2 deletion or overexpression. In the C57BL/6 mouse, ACE2 deficiency was associated with a modest increase in blood pressure.²⁴ ACE2 knockout mice have highlighted hypertensive responses to Ang II infusion associated with exaggerated accumulation of Ang II in the kidney. The transgenic ACE2 overexpression in spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) showed a reduction of mean arterial pressure irrespective of heart rate. This ACE2 overexpression model showed an increase of Ang-(1–7) in plasma and kidney, and attenuated blood pressure elevation response to Ang II infusion.²⁵ Taken together, these results suggested that ACE2 was critical in the development of EH. ACE2 was one of the most studied of the candidate genes for EH. The G8790A polymorphism was situated in the intron adjoined to the extron, suggesting that this locus could alter messenger RNA (mRNA) alternate splicing and affect ACE2 gene expression. The latter led to changes in the serum content of Ang1–7 that inhibited vasoconstriction and cell proliferation.²⁵ The functional impact of rs2106809 remained unclear, but it has been reported that some regulatory elements within intronic sequences or residing up to 85 kb upstream of the gene’s promoter were still able to communicate with the promoter and regulate gene expression.²⁶ Thus, one can reasonably speculate that the ACE2 rs2106809 T allele may be functional and could downregulate the expression of ACE2 and contribute to the increase in the susceptibility to hypertension. Thus, it was plausible that these two polymorphisms could influence the susceptibility to EH.

In the present meta-analysis, we explored the associations between the ACE2 A1075G, G8790A and rs2106809 polymorphisms and EH risk, including 17 eligible case-control studies. For the ACE2 A1075G polymorphism, no significant result was detected. However, only three studies were included. Thus, the positive association between ACE2 A1075G polymorphism and EH could not be ruled out because studies with small sample size may have insufficient statistical power to detect a slight effect. For the ACE2 G8790A polymorphism, 8437 cases and 4578 controls were included. We found that individuals with the 8790A allele showed an increased risk of EH in males and females, respectively. Actually, there was only one study with Caucasians. Thus, we can conclude only that Asians with ACE2 A1075G polymorphism might have increased EH risk. This result was consistent with the previous meta-analysis.²⁰ For the ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism, 5132 cases and 2373 controls were included. There was a significant association between this polymorphism and EH risk. Taken together, these results suggested that ACE2 G8790A and rs2106809 polymorphisms may play important roles in the etiology of EH.

The present meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution; several limitations merit consideration. First, because of a lack of original data from the eligible studies, we could not perform other subgroup analyses based on age, smoking, and so on. Second, the numbers of published studies were not sufficient for a comprehensive analysis, particularly for Caucasians and Africans. However, our meta-analysis also had some merits. First, we investigated the association between three polymorphisms and EH risk. Second, there was low heterogeneity in this meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis suggested that the ACE2 G8790A and rs2106809 polymorphisms may be associated with EH development. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to further assess the presence of an association.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

None declared.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

Tipnis

Hooper

Hyde

. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 33238–33243.

Donoghue

Hsieh

Baronas

. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1–9. Circ Res 2000; 87: E1–E9.

Burrell

Johnston

Tikellis

. ACE2, a new regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004; 15: 166–169.

Yagil

. Hypothesis: ACE2 modulates blood pressure in the mammalian organism. Hypertension 2003; 41: 871–873.

Benjafield

Wang

Morris

. No association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) polymorphisms with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 624–628.

Liu

Shang

Zhang

. Association of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in Chinese [article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2005; 22: 569–571.

Huang

Yang

Wang

. Association study of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) polymorphisms and essential hypertension in northern Han Chinese. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20: 968–971.

Wang

. Association of ACE, ACE2 and UTS2 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Han and Dongxiang populations from north-western China. J Int Med Res 2006; 34: 272–283.

Fan

Wang

Sun

. Polymorphisms of ACE2 gene are associated with essential hypertension and antihypertensive effects of captopril in women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82: 1–10.

10.

Niu

Hou

. Correlation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphisms with stage 2 hypertension in Han Chinese. Transl Res 2007; 150: 374–380.

11.

Zhang

Shan

Chen

. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension. South China Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2007; 13: 88–92.

12.

Fan

Wang

. Polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 are not associated with orthostatic blood pressure dysregulation in hypertensive patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30: 1237–1244.

13.

. Association study of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism with essential hypertension and essential hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin J Pract Nerv Dis 2009; 12: 28–30.

14.

Jiang

Zhang

Jiang

. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene G8790A polymorphism with essential hypertension in Han Chinese. Chin Gen Pract 2010; 13: 3274–3277.

15.

Gao

. To explore the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene G8790A polymorphism with essential hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Chin Rem Clinics 2010; 10: 895–898.

16.

Zhang

Jin

. Association of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in Chinese minority of Hainan province. Chin J Gerontol 2010; 30: 1029–1030.

17.

Chen

. Association between polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene A9570G and hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Chin J Cardiovasc Med 2012; 17: 201–204.

18.

Fan

. Relationship between the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 gene polymorphism and antihypertensive effect of valsartan. J Chin Physician 2012; 14: 868–873.

19.

Patnaik

Pati

Swain

. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 gene polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the population of Odisha, India. Ann Hum Biol 2014; 41: 143–150.

20.

Yang

Wang

. ACE2 gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: An updated meta-analysis involving 11,051 subjects. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39: 6581–6589.

21.

. Lack of association of ACE2 G8790A gene mutation with essential hypertension in the Chinese population: A meta-analysis involving 5260 subjects. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 364.

22.

Zhou

Yang

. Meta-analysis of association of ACE2 G8790A polymorphism with Chinese Han essential hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10: 31–34.

23.

Egger

Smith

Schneider

. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997; 315: 629–634.

24.

Burrell

Harrap

Velkoska

. The ACE2 gene: Its potential as a functional candidate for cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124: 65–76.

25.

Kramkowski

Mogielnicki

Buczko

. The physiological significance of the alternative pathways of angiotensin II production. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57: 529–539.

26.

Blackwood

Kadonaga

. Going the distance: A current view of enhancer action. Science 1998; 281: 60–63.

The association between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 polymorphisms and essential hypertension risk: A meta-analysis involving 14,122 patients

Abstract

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Publication search

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Data extraction

Statistical analysis

Results

Study characteristics

Quantitative data synthesis

The ACE2 A1075G polymorphism

The ACE2 G8790A polymorphism

The ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism

Discussion

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

Funding

References