Abstract
The hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine faces a critical trade-off between high power density and low NOx emissions. This paper investigates water direct injection as a method to resolve this conflict in a multi-cylinder, port fuel injected hydrogen engine. A systematic experimental study was conducted to quantify the effects of injected water mass and timing on engine performance and emissions. The injection timing proved critical, with optimal results achieved during the intake and early compression stroke. The results further show that water direct injection in conjunction with spark retardation is a highly effective strategy for NOx reduction. Indicated specific nitrogen oxides emissions were minimized to a target value of approximately
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
