In 2018, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) created a new policy marker for disaster risk reduction (DRR) to help member states to monitor and report the progress made on the mainstreaming of DRR into their development activities. Drawing on this DRR marker, this study found that DAC members’ DRR mainstreaming remains in the incipient stage, with a significant gap between rhetoric and action. Important areas for improvement include a more comprehensive understanding of disaster risk; increased funding for activities principally targeting DRR, larger scale projects; enhanced financial stability without compromising other development objectives; and further integration of DRR and climate change adaption into development projects.
AdgerW.N., LorenzoniI. and O’BrienK.L.2001: Adaptation now. In AdgerW.N., LorenzoniI. and O’BrienK.L., editors, Adapting to climate change. Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 1–22. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511596667.002.
2.
AtteridgeA. and CanalesN.2017: Climate finance in the Pacific: An overview of flows to the region’s Small Island Developing States (Working Paper 2017-04). Environment Institute. Available at: https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Climate/SEI-WP-2017-04/SEI-WP-2017-04-Pacific-climate-finance-flows-FM.pdf
3.
BarbièreC., SarmadiD., HellerF., . 2015: European countries focus aid on ex-colonies. EURACTIV, 20April. Available at: https://www.euractiv.com/section/development-policy/news/european-countries-focus-aid-on-ex-colonies/ (accessed 1June2023).
4.
BrownO. and CrawfordA.2009: Assessing the security implications of climate change for West Africa. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Available at: https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/security_implications_west_africa.pdf (accessed 15March2021).
5.
ChowdhuryS.2021: South Korea’s Green New Deal in the year of transition. United Nations Development Programme, 8February. Available at: https://www.undp.org/blog/south-koreas-green-new-deal-year-transition (accessed 30August2022).
6.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and UNDRR. 2020: Human cost of disasters: An overview of the last 20 years 2000–2019. UNDRR. Available at: https://www.undrr.org/publication/human-cost-disasters-overview-last-20-years-2000-2019
7.
DonnerS.D., KandlikarM. and WebberS.2016: Measuring and tracking the flow of climate change adaptation aid to the developing world. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5), 054006. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054006.
8.
DunneD.2022: Analysis: Africa’s unreported extreme weather in 2022 and climate change. PreventionWeb, 26October. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/news/analysis-africas-unreported-extreme-weather-2022-and-climate-change (accessed 26May2023).
9.
European Commission and Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development. 2016: Integrating the environment and climate change into EU international cooperation and development towards sustainable development. Publications Office of EU.
10.
FAO. 2021: The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security. Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/cb3673en/cb3673en.pdf
11.
GAVI. 2021: Republic of Korea pledges US$ 200 million to support lower-income economies through Gavi COVAX Advance Market Commitment. Available at: https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/republic-korea-pledges-us-200-million-support-lower-income-economies-through-gavi (accessed 23August2022).
12.
GouldenM. and FewR.2011: Climate change, water and conflict in the Niger River Basin. USAID. Available at: https://www.international-alert.org/publications/climate-change-water-and-conflict-niger-river-basin/https://www.international-alert.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Climate-Change-Water-Conflict-Niger-River-EN-2011.pdf (accessed 13October2021).
13.
Government of KOREA. 2020: 3rd Mid-term Strategy for Development Cooperation (2021-2025) (in Korean). Sejong, Korea. Available at: https://www.odakorea.go.kr/contentFile/MSDC/03.pdf (accessed 18July2021).
14.
IDMC. 2021: 2021 Global Report on internal displacement. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2021/ (accessed 22August2022).
15.
IMF. 2016: Sub-Saharan Africa Multispeed Growth. International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=e7EYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=about+a+dozen+countries+reported+six+or+more+droughts+since+1990,+with+Ethiopia,+Kenya,+and+Mozambique+experiencing+frequent+droughts.&source=bl&ots=pnAj-x0xmL&sig=ACfU3U3e1blxpmozQ63AwvDuj3toYb3aew&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSlLyyipL_AhUSr1YBHcCbCHUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=about%20a%20dozen%20countries%20reported%20six%20or%20more%20droughts%20since%201990%2C%20with%20Ethiopia%2C%20Kenya%2C%20and%20Mozambique%20experiencing%20frequent%20droughts.&f=false
16.
JafinoB.A., WalshB., RozenbergJ., . 2020: Revised estimates of the impact of climate change on extreme poverty by 2030 (Working Paper 9417). World Bank & Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/706751601388457990/pdf/Revised-Estimates-of-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Extreme-Poverty-by-2030.pdf
17.
JICA. 2018: Indonesia’s development and Japan’s cooperation: Building the future based on trust. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Available at: https://www.jica.go.jp/publication/pamph/region/ku57pq00002izqzn-att/indonesia_development_en.pdf
18.
JunghansL. and HarmelingS.2012: Different tales from different countries: A first assessment of the OECD ‘adaptation marker’ [Briefing paper]. Germanwatch. Available at: https://germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/publication/7083.pdf
19.
KimM.-H., ChoW., ChoiH., . 2020: Assessing the South Korean model of emergency management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Studies Review, 44(4), 567–78. DOI: 10.1080/10357823.2020.1779658.
20.
LeeS.2023: Comparative analysis of multilateral contributions by Japan and South Korea: Focusing on the multi-bi portfolio. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 2156367. DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2022.2156367.
21.
LeeS. and KwonH.2022: Breaking the negative feedback loop of disaster, conflict, and fragility: Analyzing development aid by Japan and South Korea. Sustainability, 14(16), 10003. DOI: 10.3390/su141610003.
22.
McCluskeyM., AkbarzaiS. and SmithK.2022: More than 600 killed in Nigeria’s worst flooding in a decade. CNN, 17October. Available at: https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/17/africa/nigeria-floods-deaths-intl-hnk/index.html (accessed 26May2023).
23.
MichaelowaA. and MichaelowaK.2011: Coding error or statistical embellishment? The political economy of reporting climate aid. World Development, 39(11), 2010–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.020.
24.
NishioA.2021: When poverty meets climate change: A critical challenge that demands cross-cutting solutions climate change and IDA. World Bank Blogs, 5November. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/when-poverty-meets-climate-change-critical-challenge-demands-cross-cutting-solutions (accessed 22August2022).
25.
OCHA. 2023: West and Central Africa: Flooding situation - Overview as of 15 February 2023. Reliefweb, 15February. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/west-and-central-africa-flooding-situation-overview-15-february-2023 (accessed 26May2023).
26.
ODA Korea. 2021: ODA Korea: Sharing hope, sharing future. ODA Korea. Available at: http://odakorea.go.kr/contentFile/main/brochure(eng)_2021.pdf
27.
OECD. 2019: Donors must do more to align development finance with climate goals. OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/donors-must-do-more-to-align-development-finance-with-climate-goals.htm (accessed 23August2022).
28.
OECD and The World Bank. 2016: Climate and disaster resilience financing in small island developing states. OECD. DOI: 10.1787/9789264266919-en.
29.
OECD DAC. 2017: Proposal to establish a policy marker for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (CRS). Available at: https://one.oecd.org/document/DCD/DAC/STAT(2017)26/en/pdf
30.
OluwatayoI.B. and OjoA.O.2016: Is Africa’s dependence on agriculture the cause of poverty in the continent? An empirical review. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(1), 93–102.
31.
RitchieE. and KennyC. n.d.: If we’re going to fund climate mitigation from ODA, we need to double it. Center for Global Development, 18March. Available at: https://www.cgdev.org/blog/if-were-going-fund-climate-mitigation-oda-we-need-double-it (accessed 10August2022).
32.
SparksD.2012: Aid investments in disaster risk reduction - rhetoric to action. Global Humanitarian Assistance. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Aid%20investments%20in%20disaster%20risk%20reduction%20-%20rhetoric%20to%20action%20-%20Dan%20Sparks.pdf
33.
TimperleyJ.2021: The broken $100-billion promise of climate finance — and how to fix it. Nature, 20October. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02846-3#:~:text=Twelve%20years%20ago%2C%20at%20a,That%20promise%20was%20broken
34.
UN. 1999: International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction Programme Forum 1999. July. Geneva, Switzerland: UN. Available at: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/31468_programmeforumproceedings.pdf
35.
UN. 2022: Greater female participation, gender-responsive approaches key for tackling climate change, natural disasters, speakers stress as women’s commission opens session. UN, 14March. Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2022/wom2213.doc.htm (accessed 25May2023).
36.
UNDP. 2022: Women are hit hardest in disasters, so why are responses too often gender-blind?UNDP, 24March. Available at: https://www.undp.org/blog/women-are-hit-hardest-disasters-so-why-are-responses-too-often-gender-blind (accessed 7June2023).
37.
UNDRR. 2015a: Disaster risk reduction and resilience in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available at: https://www.undrr.org/publication/disaster-risk-reduction-and-resilience-2030-agenda-sustainable-development
38.
UNDRR. 2015b: Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. UNDRR. Available at: https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030 (accessed 23August2022).
39.
UNDRR. 2021: International cooperation in disaster risk reduction: Target F. UNDRR. Available at: https://www.undrr.org/publication/international-cooperation-disaster-risk-reduction-target-f (accessed 21August2022).
40.
VivekanandaJ., SchillingJ. and SmithD.2014: Climate resilience in fragile and conflict-affected societies: Concepts and approaches. Development in Practice, 24(4), 487–501.
41.
WettengelJ.2022: Germany increases climate finance to poorer nations to €5.3 billion. Clean Energy Wire, 20October. Available at: https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-increases-climate-finance-poorer-nations-eu53-billion (accessed 25May2023).
42.
YandaP. and BronkhorstS.2011: Climate change and conflict: Conflict-sensitive climate change adaptation in Africa. (Policy & Practice Brief 14). ACCORD. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/137666/policy_practice14.pdf (accessed 18October2021).
43.
YouJ.2020: Lessons from South Korea’s Covid-19 policy response. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7): 801–08. DOI: 10.1177/0275074020943708.
