The mental health of 63 refugee children, with a mean age of 5,9 years, from Chile and the Middle East, were studied during the first 18 months of exile in Stockholm, Sweden. 46% of the children were rated as having poor mental health five months after resettlement in symptom interviews with parents based on the structured questionnaire developed by Cederblad, and 44% thirteen months later. Political violence in the home country and stress in the family sphere in exile were identified as the major determinants of poor mental health in this context.
Unicef.Children in situations of armed conflicts . New York: UNICEF; 1986.
2.
Gibson K.Children in political violence. Soc Sci Med1989; 28: 659—67.
3.
Nixom A.The status of Palestinian children during the uprising in the occupied territories . Stockholm: Rädda Barnen ; 1990.
4.
Garbarino J., Kostelny K., Dubrow N.No place to be a child. Lexington: Lexington books; 1990.
5.
Hjern A.The health of newly resettled refugee children from Chile and the Middle East. Dissertation. Stockholm: Department of Pediatrics at Huddinge University hospital, Karolinska Insitutet; 1990.
6.
Hjern A., Angel B., Höjer B.Persecution and behavior: a report of refugee children from Chile . Child Abuse Negl1991; 15: 239—48.
7.
Barudy J.A programme of mental health for political refugees: dealing with invisible pain of political exile. Soc Sci Med1989; 28: 715—27.
8.
Aronowitz M.The social and emotional adjustment of immigrant children. International Migration Review1984 ; 18: 237—57.
9.
Eisenbruch M.The mental health of refugee children and their cultural development. International Migration Review1988; 22: 282—300.
10.
Messer M., Rasmussen N.Southeast Asian children in America: The impact of change. Pediatrics1986; 78: 323—9.
11.
Huyck E., Fields R.Impact of resettlement on refugee children. International Migration Review1983; 15: 246—54.
12.
Garbarino J.Developmental consequences of living in dangerous and unstable environment: the situation of refugee children. In: McCallin M, editor. The psychological well being of refugee children. Research, practice and policy issues. Geneva: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1992.
13.
Eth S., Pynoos R.Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1985.
14.
Terr L.Too scared to cry. New York: Basic books; 1990.
15.
Garmezy N.Stressors of childhood. In: Garmezy N, Rutter M, editors. Stress, coping and development in children. New York: McGraw-Hill ; 1983. p. 43—83.
16.
Caplan C.Support systems and community mental health. New York: Behavorial publications; 1974.
17.
Cobb S.Social support as moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med1976; 38: 300—14.
18.
Whitaker J., Garbarino J.Social support networks: informal helpings in the human services. New York: Aldine publishing; 1983 .
19.
Figley C.Traumatic stress: The role of the family and social support system . In: Figley C, editor. Trauma and its wake. Volume II: Traumatic stress theory, research and intervention . New York: Brunner/ Mazel; 1985. p. 39—45.
20.
Becker D.Tortura y dano familiar. In: Weinstein E, Lira E, Rojas E, editors. Trauma, duelo y reparacion. Santiago de Chile: Fasic; 1987. p. 95—107.
21.
Agger I., Buus-Jensen S.Couples in exile: political conciousness as an element in the psychosexual dynamics of a Latin American refugee couple. J Sex Marital Ther1989; 4: 101—8.
22.
Codepu.The effect of torture and political repression in a sample of Chilean families . Soc Sci Med1989; 28: 735—40.
23.
Cochrane R.Psychological and behavioural disturbance in West Indians, Indians and Pakistanis in Britain: a comparison of rates among children and adults . Br J Psychiatry1979; 34: 201—10.
24.
Rahim S., Cederblad M.Effects of rapid urbanization on child behavior in a part of Khartoum, Sudan . J Child Psychol Psychiatry1984; 25: 629—41.
25.
Cederblad M. , Höök B.Every sixth child has a mental disturbance . Lakartidningen1986; 83: 935—69. (In Swedish).
26.
Arroyo W., Eth S.Children traumatized by Central American warfare. In: Eth S, Pynoos R, editors. Post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1985: 101—120.
27.
McCallin M.The impact of traumatic events on the psychological well-being of Mozambican refugee women and children. Geneva: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1990.
28.
Allodi F.The psychiatric effects of political persecution and torture in children and victims of families. CanadaMental Health1980; 28: 8—10.
29.
McCallin M., Fozzard S.The impact of current traumatic stressors on the well-being of refugee communities . In: McCallin M, editor. The psychological well-being of refugee children. Research, practice and policy issues. Geneva: International Catholic Child Bureau; 1992.
30.
Kinzie J., Sack W., Angell R., Manson S., Rath N.The psychiatric effect of massive traumatization on Cambodian children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry1986; 25: 370—6.
31.
Gustavsson L. , Lindquist A., Böhm B.Children in war. Stockholm : Verbum; 1987. (In Swedish).
32.
Eth S., Pynoos R.Developmental perspective on psychic trauma in childhood. In: Figley C, editor. Trauma and its wake. New York: Brunner/Mazel ; 1985 . p. 36—52.
33.
Mowbray C.Post-Traumatic therapy for children who are victims of violence. In: Ochberg F, editor. Post-traumatic therapy for children who are victims of violence. New York : Brunner/Maazel; 1988. p. 196—212.
34.
Cederblad M. , Höök B.Revision and trial of an instrument to measure distorted behavior in children. Stressforskningsrapport nr 184. Stockholm: WHO Psychosocial center; 1984.
35.
Rutter M.Children's behavior questionnare for completion by teachers: preliminary findings . J Child Psychol Psychiatry1967 ; 8: 1—11.
36.
McGuire J., Richman N.Screening for behavior problems in nurseries: The reliability and validity of the preschool behavior checklist. J Child Psychol Psychiatry1986; 27: 7—32.
37.
Stewart A., Healey J.Linking individual development and social change. Am Psychol1989; 44: 30—42.
38.
Eitinger L.Concentration Camp Survivors in Norway and Israel. Oslo : Universitetsforlaget; 1965 .
39.
Westermayer J.Prevention of mental disorder among refugees in the US; lessons from the period 1976—86. Soc Sci Med1987; 25: 941—7.
40.
Dunn J., Kendrick C.The arrival of a sibling: Changes in patterns of interaction between mother and first born child. J Child Psychol Psychiatry1980; 21: 119—32.
41.
Wallerstein J., Kelly J.Surviving the break-up: How children and parents cope with divorce . New York: Basic books; 1980.
42.
Quinton D., Rutter M.Family pathology and child psychiatric disorder: a four year prospective study . In: Nicol A, editor. Longitudinal studies in child psychology and psychiatry: Practical lessons from Research experience. Chichester: Wiley; 1984. p. 91—137.
43.
Punamäki R-L.Psychological stress responses of Palestinian mothers and their children in conditions of military occupation and political violence. TheQuarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition1987; 9: 77—83.
44.
Punamäki R-L.Political violence and psychological responses. A study of Palestinian women, children and ex-prisoners. Tampere: Tampere Peace research institute; 1990.
45.
Gleser G., Green B., Winget C.Prolonged psychosocial effects of Disaster: A study of Buffalo Creek . New York: Academic Press; 1981.
46.
Terr L.Chowchilla revisited: the effects of psychic trauma four years after a school-bus kidnapping. Am J Psychiatry1983 ; 140: 1543—50.
