Flax fiber–reinforced polymer composites were determined to be effective in confinement of concrete cylinders. Flax fibers exhibit strong intrinsic hydrophilic properties and relatively inferior mechanical properties; therefore, combining them with mineral-based natural fiber (i.e. basalt fibers) was proposed. In the present study, unidirectional flax–basalt hybrid fiber reinforced polymer plates and tubes were prepared using a filament-winding process. The mechanical properties of the fiber-reinforced polymer plates and compressive properties of the concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer tubes were studied. Compared to those of flax fiber–reinforced polymer, hybrid fiber–reinforced polymers exhibited linear rather than bilinear stress–strain curves and enhanced tensile properties. The lateral–axial relationship of the hybrid fiber reinforced polymer–confined concrete cylinders can be well predicted by the classic model for glass- or carbon-based fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete cylinders, however, the axial stress–strain cannot. In addition, the lateral–axial relationship of the hybrid fiber reinforced polymer–confined cylinders depends on the arrangement of the fiber layers.
AkilHMChengLWIshakZAM, et al. (2009) Water absorption study on pultruded jute fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology69(11–12): 1942–1948.
2.
ASTM (2000) Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. D3039/D3039M-00, 10 April. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
3.
AthijayamaniAThiruchitrambalamMNatarajanU, et al. (2009) Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties of randomly oriented natural fibers/polyester hybrid composite. Materials Science and Engineering A517(1–2): 344–353.
4.
CaoYShibataSFukumotoI (2006) Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before and after alkali treatments. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing37: 423–429.
CorollerGLefeuvreADuigouAL, et al. (2013) Effect of flax fibres individualisation on tensile failure of flax/epoxy unidirectional composite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing51(4): 62–70.
7.
DaiJGBaiYLTengJG (2011) Behavior and modeling of concrete confined with FRP composites of large deformability. Journal of Composites for Construction15(6): 963–973.
8.
DittenberDBGangaraoHVS (2012) Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing43(8): 1419–1429.
9.
GurunathanTMohantySNayakSK (2015) A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibres and their application perspectives. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing77: 1–25.
10.
HristozovDWroblewskiLSadeghianP (2016) Long-term tensile properties of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites: comparison of flax and glass fibres. Composites Part B: Engineering95: 82–95.
La MantiaFMorrealeM (2011) Green composites: a brief review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing42(6): 579–588.
13.
LamLTengJG (2003) Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete. Construction and Building Materials17(6–7): 471–488.
14.
LiCXianG (2018) Novel wedge-shaped bond anchorage system for pultruded CFRP plates. Materials and Structures51: 162.
15.
LiCXianGLiH (2019) Tension-tension fatigue performance of a large-diameter pultruded carbon/glass hybrid rod. International Journal of Fatigue120: 141–149.
16.
MadsenBHoffmeyerPLilholtH (2007) Hemp yarn reinforced composites—II. Tensile properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing38(10): 2204–2215.
17.
MirmiranAShahawyM (1997) Behavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites. Journal of Structural Engineering123(5): 583–590.
18.
OzbakkalogluT (2013) Compressive behavior of concrete-filled FRP tube columns: assessment of critical column parameters. Engineering Structures51(2): 188–199.
19.
OzbakkalogluTLimJC (2013) Axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete: experimental test database and a new design-oriented model. Composites Part B: Engineering55(12): 607–634.
20.
OzbakkalogluTOehlersDJ (2008) Concrete-filled square and rectangular FRP tubes under axial compression. Journal of Composites for Construction12(4): 469–477.
21.
PhamTMHadiMNS (2014) Confinement model for FRP confined normal- and high-strength concrete circular columns. Construction and Building Materials69: 83–90.
22.
RameshMPalanikumarKReddyKH (2013) Mechanical property evaluation of sisal–jute–glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. Composites Part B: Engineering48(5): 1–9.
23.
SantulliCJanssenMJeronimidisG (2005) Partial replacement of E-glass fibers with flax fibers in composites and effect on falling weight impact performance. Journal of Materials Science40(13): 3581–3585.
24.
SavastanoHSantosSFRadonicM, et al. (2009) Fracture and fatigue of natural fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. Cement and Concrete Composites31(4): 232–243.
25.
ShahzadA (2011) Impact and fatigue properties of hemp–glass fiber hybrid biocomposites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites30(16): 1389–1398.
26.
ShanYLiaoK (2002) Environmental fatigue behavior and life prediction of unidirectional glass–carbon/epoxy hybrid composites. International Journal of Fatigue24: 847–859.
27.
SongJH (2015) Pairing effect and tensile properties of laminated high-performance hybrid composites prepared using carbon/glass and carbon/aramid fibers. Composites Part B: Engineering79: 61–66.
28.
SummerscalesJDissanayakeNVirkAS, et al. (2010) A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 1—fibers as reinforcements. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing41: 1329–1335.
29.
SwolfsYGorbatikhLVerpoestI (2014) Fibre hybridisation in polymer composites: a review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing67: 181–200.
30.
TengJGHuangYLLamL, et al. (2007) Theoretical model for fiber-reinforced polymer-confined concrete. Journal of Composites for Construction11(2): 201–210.
31.
XiaYXianGLiH (2014a) Enhancement of tensile properties of flax filaments through mercerization under sustained tension. Polymers and Polymer Composites22(2): 203–207.
32.
XiaYXianGKafodyaI, et al. (2014b) Compression behavior of concrete cylinders externally confined by flax fiber reinforced polymer sheets. Advances in Structural Engineering17(12): 1825–1833.
33.
XiaYXianGWangZ, et al. (2016) Static and cyclic compressive properties of self-compacting concrete-filled flax fiber–reinforced polymer tubes. Journal of Composites for Construction20(6): 04016046.
34.
XiaoYWuH (2000) Compressive behavior of concrete confined by carbon fiber composite jackets. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering12(2): 139–146.
35.
YanLChouwN (2014) Natural FRP tube confined fibre reinforced concrete under pure axial compression: a comparison with glass/carbon FRP. Thin-Walled Structures82(13): 159–169.
36.
YanLChouwNJayaramanK (2014) Effect of column parameters on flax FRP confined coir fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials55: 299–312.
37.
YanLKasalBHuangL (2016) A review of recent research on the use of cellulosic fibres, their fibre fabric reinforced cementitious, geo-polymer and polymer composites in civil engineering. Composites Part B: Engineering92: 94–132.
38.
ZamriMHAkilHMBakarAA, et al. (2011) Effect of water absorption on pultruded jute/glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. Journal of Composite Materials46(1): 51–61.
