This article introduces the topic of and the contributions to this Special Issue of the International Journal of Bilingualism. It explores the degree to which the hypothesis that codeswitching is a cause of contact-induced language change makes sense. After reviewing a number of methodological conditions that need to be met before the question can even be tackled, I provide an overview of theories proposed to account for structural change in contact situations (Croft, Johanson, Thomason), pointing out commonalities and differences. The article concludes with an attempt to classify attested contact-induced changes on the basis of these theories, and finally revisits the question to what degree codeswitching can cause change.
Aikhenvald, A. (1996). Areal diffusion in Northwest Amazonia: The case of Tariana. Anthropological Linguistics, 38, 73-116.
2.
Aikhenvald, A. (2002). Language awareness and correct speech among the Tariana of Northwest Amazonia. Anthropological Linguistics , 43, 411-430.
3.
Aikhenvald, A. (2003a). Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: New morphology and language contact. Journal of Linguistics, 39, 1-29.
4.
Aikhenvald, A. (2003b). Multilingualism and ethnic stereotypes: The Tariana of northwest Amazonia. Language in Society, 32, 1-21.
5.
Alvarez-Caccamo, C. (1998). From "switching code" to "codeswitching": Towards a reconceptualization of communicative codes. In P. Auer (Ed.), Codeswitching in conversation. language, interaction and identity (pp.27-48). London: Routledge .
6.
Backus, A. (1992). Patterns of language mixing. A study in Turkish-Dutch bilingualism. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz .
7.
Backus, A. (1996). Two in one. Bilingual speech of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
8.
Backus, A. (2003). Units in codeswitching: Evidence for multimorphemic elements in the lexicon. Linguistics, 41, 83-132.
9.
Boeschoten, H. (1997). Codeswitching, codemixing and code alternation: What a difference. In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Codeswitching worldwide (pp. 15-24). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
10.
Bolonyai, A. (2000). "Elective affinities": Language contact in the abstract lexicon and its structural consequences. International Journal of Bilingualism, 4, 81-106.
11.
Boumans, L. (1996). Embedding verbs and collocations in Moroccan Arabic/Dutch codeswitching. In M. Eid & D. Parkinson (Eds.), Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics IX (pp.45-67). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
12.
Bynon, T. (1977). Historical linguistics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
13.
Clyne, M. (1967). Transference and triggering. Observations on the language assimilation of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
14.
Clyne, M. (2003). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15.
Croft, W. (2000). Explaining language change. An evolutionary approach . Harlow: Pearson Education.
16.
De Reuse, W.J. (1994). Siberian Yupik Eskimo. The language and its contacts with Chukchi. SaltLake City: University of Utah Press.
17.
Dorian, N. (1993). Internally and externally motivated change in language contact settings: doubts about dichotomy. In C. Jones (Ed.), Historical linguistics. Problems and perspectives (pp. 131-154). London: Longman.
18.
Dorian, N. (1994). Varieties of variation in a very small place: Social homogeneity, prestige norms, and linguistic variation. Language, 70, 631-696.
19.
Dutkova-Cope, L. (2001). The language of Czech Moravians in Texas: Do you know what Párknu Káru u Hauza means? Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 20, 51-84.
20.
Finlayson, R., & Slabbert, S. (1997). "We just mix": Codeswitching in a South African township. International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 125, 65-98.
21.
Fortescue, M. (1993). Eskimo word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation. Journal of Linguistics, 29, 267-289.
22.
Gomez-Imbert, E. (1996). When animals become "rounded" and "feminine": Conceptual categories and linguistic classification in a multilingual setting . In J. Gumperz & S. Levinson (Eds.), Rethinking linguistic relativity (studies in the social and cultural foundations of language, No. 17.) (pp.438-469). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23.
Grosjean, F. (1998). Studying bilinguals: Methodological and conceptual issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 131-149.
24.
Györi, G. (2002). Semantic change and cognition. Cognitive Linguistics, 13, 123-166.
25.
Haase, M. (1992). Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel im Baskenland. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
26.
Halmari, H. (1997). Government and codeswitching. Explaining American Finnish. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia : John Benjamins.
27.
Harris, A., & Campbell, L. (1995). Historical syntax in cross-linguistic pespective . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28.
Haugen, E. (1972). The ecology of language. Essays by Einar Haugen . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
29.
Haust, D. (1995). Codeswitching in Gambia. Eine soziolinguistische Untersuchung von Mandinka, Wolof und Englisch in Kontakt. (Sprachkontakt in Afrika, Band 1.)Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
30.
Hewitt, G. (2001). Convergence in language change: morphosyntactic patterns in Mingrelian (and Laz). Transactions of the Philological Society, 99, 99-145.
31.
Hill, J., & Hill, K. (1986). Speaking Mexicano. Dynamics of syncretic language in Central Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
32.
Hock, H.H., & Joseph, B. (1996). Language history, language change and language relationship. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Johanson, L. (1992). Strukturelle Faktoren in Türkischen Sprachkontakten . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag .
35.
Johanson, L. (1993). Code-copying in immigrant Turkish. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Immigrant languages in Europe (pp. 197-221). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
36.
Johanson, L. (1998). Code-copying in Irano-Turkic. Language Sciences, 20, 325-337.
37.
Johanson, L. (1999a). Frame-changing code-copying in immigrant varieties . In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Bilingualism and migration. (Studies on Language Acquisition 14) (pp.247-260). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
38.
Johanson, L. (1999b). The dynamics of code-copying in language encounters . In B. Brendemoen, E. Lanza & E. Ryen (Eds.), Language encounters in time and space (pp.37-62). Oslo: Novus.
39.
Johanson, L. (2002). Structural factors in turkic language contact . London: Curzon.
40.
Keller, R. (1990). Sprachwandel. Tübingen: Francke.
41.
Kontra, M. (2001). Hungarian verbal puzzles and the intensity of language contact. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5, 163-179.
42.
Langacker, R. (1987). Foundations of cognitive grammar, volume 1, Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
43.
Langacker, R. (1991). Foundations of cognitive grammar, volume 2, Descriptive application. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
44.
Langacker, R. (2000). A dynamic usage-based model. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Usage-based models of language (pp.1-63). Stanford : CSLI Publications.
45.
Matras, Y. (1998). Utterance modifiers and universals of grammatical borrowing. Linguistics, 36,281-331.
46.
Matras, Y. (2000). How predictable is contact-induced change in grammar? In C. Renfrew, A. McMahon & L. Trask (Eds.), Time depth in historical linguistics (pp. 563-583). Cambridge: McDonald Institute.
47.
McMahon, A.M.S. (1994). Understanding language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48.
Menz, A. (1999). Gagausische Syntax. Eine Studie zum Kontaktinduzierten Sprachwandel. (Turkologica, vol. 41). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag .
49.
Mougeon, R., & Beniak, E. (1991). Linguistic consequences of language contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
50.
Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech. A typology of codemixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51.
Myers-Scotton, C. (1997). Duelling languages. Grammatical structure in codeswitching. (Second edition.)Oxford: Clarendon Press.
52.
Myers-Scotton, C. (2002). Contact linguistics. Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53.
Nettle, D., & Romaine, S. (2000). Vanishing voices. The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
54.
Nortier, J. (1990). Dutch-Moroccan Arabic codeswitching. Dordrecht: Foris.
55.
Otheguy, R. (1992). A reconsideration of the notion of loan translation in the analysis of U.S. Spanish. In A. Roca & J. Lipski (Eds.), Spanish in the United States. Linguistic contact and diversity (pp. 21 -45). Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter.
56.
Owens, J. (1996). Idiomatic structure and the theory of genetic relationship. Diachronica, 13, 283 - 318.
57.
Owens, J. (2002). Processing the world piece by piece: Iconicity, lexical insertion, and possessives in Nigerian Arabic codeswitching. Language Variation and Change, 14, 173-209.
58.
Pandharipande, R. (1989). Formal and functional constraints on codemixing . In R. Jacobson (Ed.), Codeswitching as a worldwide phenomenon (pp.15-31). New York: Peter Lang.
59.
Pfaff, C.W. (1993). Turkish language development in Germany. In G. Extra & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Immigrant languages in Europe (pp. 119-146). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
60.
Poplack, S., & Meechan, M. (1998). Introduction: How languages fit together in codemixing . International Journal of Bilingualism, 2, 127-138.
61.
Romaine, S. (1989). Pidgins, creoles, immigrant, and dying languages . In N. Dorian (Ed.), Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death (pp.369-383). Cambridge University Press.
62.
Sarhimaa, A. (1999). Syntactic transfer, contact-induced change, and the evolution of bilingual mixed codes. Focus on Karelian-Russian language alternation. Studia Fennica, Linguistica 9. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
63.
Savić, J. (1995). Structural convergence and language change: Evidence from Serbian/English codeswitching. Language in Society, 24, 475-492.
64.
Sebba, M. (1998). A congruence approach to the syntax of codeswitching . International Journal of Bilingualism, 2, 1-19.
65.
Sgall, P., Hronek, J., Stich, A., & Horecky, J. (1992). Variation in language. Codeswitching in Czech as a challenge for sociolinguistics. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
66.
Siegel, J. (1993). Dialect contact and koineization: A review of Dialects in contact, by Peter Trudgill. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 99, 105-121.
67.
Silva-Corvalán, C. (1994). Language contact and change. Spanish in Los Angeles . Oxford: Clarendon.
68.
Stolz, C., & Stolz, T. (1996). Funktionswortentlehnung in Mesoamerika. Spanisch-amerindischer Sprachkontakt (Hispanoindiana II). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung , 49,86-123.
69.
Subbarao, K.V., & Arora, H. (1988). On extreme convergence: The case of Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu . Indian Linguistics, 49, 92-108.
70.
Symeonidis, C. (1997). Türkisch-griechische phraseologische Isoglossen anhand von Bezeichnungen für menschliche Körperteile und Organe. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, 39, 76 - 112.
71.
Thomason, S.G. (1999). Speakers' choices in language change. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 29, 19-43.
72.
Thomason, S.G. (2001). Language contact. An introduction. Washington: Georgetown UP.
73.
Thomason, S.G., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics . Berkeley: University of California Press.
74.
Toribio, A.J. (2004). Convergence as an optimization strategy in bilingual speech: Evidence from codeswitching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 165-173.
75.
Treffers-Daller, J. (1994). Mixing two languages: French-Dutch contact in a comparative perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
76.
Trudgill, P. (1985). Dialects in contact. Oxford : Blackwell.
77.
Van Coetsem, F. (2000). A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Winter.
78.
Van Hout, R., & Muysken, P. (1994). Modeling lexical borrowability. Language variation and change, 6, 39-62.
79.
Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in contact. New York : Linguistic Circle of New York Publication no. 2.
80.
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog, M. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In W. Lehmann & Y. Malkiel (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics (pp. 97 -195). Austin: University of Texas Press.
81.
Whaley, L. (1997). Introduction to typology. The unity and diversity of language. Thousand Oaks: Sage .
82.
Winford, D. (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. London: Blackwell.
