This paper focuses upon a hybrid `performance hypothesis' positing that an established party will change its ideological identity in reaction to a successful new party only when the established party itself experiences poor election results which it can attribute to the new party. That hypothesis is addressed with original, longitudinal data on manifesto positions of the far-right Norwegian and Danish Progress parties, their Conservative neighbor-parties and (for control purposes) the Labour parties. Analyses support the authors' conclusion that both new parties have had a significant impact on their respective party systems according to the intentions and strategies of their founders.
Aardal, Bernt Olav and Henry Valen (1989) Velgere, partier and politisk avstand. Oslo: Statistik Sentralbyra.
2.
Aimer, Peter (1988) `The Rise of Neo-Liberalism and Right Wing Protest Parties in Scandinavia and New Zealand: The Progress Parties and the New Zealand Party', Political Science40: 1-15.
3.
Andersen, Jorgen Goul and Tor Bjorklund (1990) `Structural Changes and New Cleavages: The Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway', Acta Sociologica33: 195-217.
4.
Berglund, Sten and Ulf Lindstrom (1978) `The Scandinavian Party System In Transition', European Journal of Political Research7: 187-204.
5.
Betz, Hans-George (1990) `Political Conflict in the Post-Modern Age: Radical Right-Wing Populism Parties in Europe', Current Politics and Economics of Europe1: 11-27.
6.
Bille, Lars (1990) `Denmark: The Oscillating Party System', in Peter Mair and Gordon Smith (eds) Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass.
7.
Castles, Francis (1978) The Social Democratic Image of Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
8.
Deschouwer, Kris (1992) `The Survival of the Fittest: Measuring and Explaining Adaptation and Change of Political Parties', paper presented at the Workshop on Democracies and Organization of Political Parties, ECPR Joint Sessions, Limerick, Ireland, 30 March-4 April.
9.
Downs, Anthony (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.
10.
Einhorn, Eric S. and John Logue (1988) `Continuity and Change in the Scandinavian Party Systems', in Steven B. Wolinetz (ed.) Parties and Party Systems in Liberal Democracies. New York: Routledge.
11.
Frankland, E. Gene (1983) `Interpreting the “Green” Phenomenon in West German Politics, 1977-1983', paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 1-4 September.
12.
Glistrup, Mogens (1978) `Information Document on the Danish Progress Party', unpublished presentation to the European Parliament.
13.
Harmel, Robert and John D. Robertson (1985) `Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross-National Analysis', International Political Science Review6: 501-524.
14.
Harmel, Robert and Lars Svåsand (1989) `From Protest to Party: the Institutionalization of the Progress Parties in Denmark and Norway', paper presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, Georgia.
15.
Harmel, Robert and Lars Svåsand (1990) `The Impacts of New Political Parties: The Cases of the Danish and Norwegian Progress Parties', paper presented at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA.
16.
Harmel, Robert and Kenneth Janda (1994) `An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change', Journal of Theoretical Politics6(3): 259-287
17.
Harmel, Robert , Uk Heo, Alexander Tan and Kenneth Janda (1995a) `Performance, Leadership, Factions and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis', West European Politics18(1): 1-33
18.
Harmel, Robert , Kenneth Janda and Alexander Tan (1995b) `Substance vs Packaging: An Empirical Analysis of Parties' Issue Profiles', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.
19.
Heidar, Knut (1990) `Norway: Levels of Party Competition and System Change', in Peter Mair and Gordon Smith (eds) Understanding Party System Change in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass.
20.
Janda, Kenneth (1980) Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: Free Press.
21.
Janda, Kenneth (1990) `Towards a Performance Theory of Change in Political Parties', paper presented at the 12th World Congress of the International Sociological Association, Madrid, 9-13 July.
22.
Siaroff, Alan (1989) `Recent Trends in the Nordic Party Systems', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Laval University, Quebec City, 1-3 June.
23.
Strøm, Kaare and Jorn Y. Leijphart (1989) `Ideology, Strategy and Party Competition in Postwar Norway', European Journal of Political Research17(3): 263-288.
24.
Tonsgaard, Ole (1989) `Flyktninge og indvandrere - et politisk sporgsmal?', in J. Elklit and O. Tonsgaard (eds) To folketingsvalg. Aarhus: Politica.
25.
Valen, Henry (1981) Valg og Politikk. Oslo: NKS-forlaget.
26.
Valen, Henry , Bernt Aardal and Gunnar Vogt (1990) Endring og Kontinuitet: Stortingsvalget 1989. Oslo: Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway.
