Plasma Viscosity and NLR in Young Subjects with Myocardial Infarction: Evaluation at the Initial Stage and at 3 and 12 Months

Abstract

In the “Sicilian study on juvenile myocardial infarction,” we had evaluated plasma viscosity (PV) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at the age of ⩽45 years. Now, we examined the relationship between these 2 parameters in 120 subjects (109 men and 11 women) aged ⩽45 years with recent AMI. The patients were classified according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors, the electrocardiographic criteria (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] or non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]), and the extent of coronary stenosis, evaluated with coronary angiography. On fasting venous blood, we measured PV at the shear rate of 450 s⁻¹ and NLR. The control group included 50 healthy subjects (mean age = 35.1 ± 7.8 years). At the initial stage, PV and NLR were significantly increased in comparison with controls. Subdividing AMI patients according to the median value of NLR, in the group with high NLR PV was significantly higher, whereas subdividing the patients according to the PV median value, NLR was not different between the 2 groups; 3 and 12 months after AMI, we observed only a significant decrease in NLR. Only PV was discriminant regarding the cardiovascular complications registered during an 18-month follow-up. The evaluation of PV may be of prognostic value in juvenile AMI.

Keywords

plasma viscosity neutrophil lymphocyte ratio juvenile myocardial infarction

Introduction

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been examined in cardiovascular disorders, and it has been suggested as a prognostic factor in coronary artery disease (CAD).¹ NLR was negatively correlated with myocardial perfusion² and positively correlated with CAD severity.³ In a group of subjects with stable chronic CAD, NLR was an independent predictor of cardiac death, in most cases referable to acute myocardial infarction (AMI).⁴ NLR level was an indicator of all-cause mortality and of major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing angiography or cardiac revascularization after AMI.⁵ In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the maximum level of NLR was found at 12 to 24 hours after hospitalization and was correlated with mortality increase.⁶ A growing rate of in-stent thrombosis, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular mortality has been associated with higher levels of NLR.⁷ Some studies^8–11 have shown an association between an increased NLR and a higher prevalence of no-reflow after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI patients. In non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients, higher NLR was associated with a greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, a lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and greater rates of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).¹² Other authors¹³ demonstrated that the NLR value after hospitalization was an independent predictor of 1 year reinfarction and mortality in diabetic subjects with AMI.

Plasma viscosity (PV) is a major determinant of blood rheology and plays a pivotal role, together with erythrocyte deformability and platelets, in microcirculatory blood flow. Plasma viscosity is due especially to plasma protein content, although the contribution to viscosity of the different protein fractions significantly differs. Albumin, in fact, is responsible of only 36% of the difference in viscosity between water and plasma (both Newtonian fluids), while it represents 60% of the total plasma proteins. Fibrinogen only corresponds to about 4% of the total plasma proteins, while its contribution to PV is about 22%. The difference may be explained by the molecular size and shape of different proteins.¹⁴ Plasma viscosity has a remarkable interindividual stability although it changes in several clinic conditions. Plasma is generally considered a Newtonian fluid, so its viscosity is assumed not to be dependent on the shear rate. High-shear-rate PV is considered to be the true Newtonian PV. This parameter influences microvascular flow resistance, which regulates the vascular tone and maintains a functional capillary density.

Plasma viscosity seems to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Some studies showed a link between PV and the risk of cardiovascular diseases^15,16 as well as a relationship between PV and the severity of CAD.^17,18 Plasma viscosity was associated with the incidence of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death during the long-term follow-up of a male population.¹⁹ Plasma viscosity seems to have a prognostic value in patients with unstable angina,²⁰ transmural myocardial infarction,²¹ and no-reperfusion STEMI patients who have undergone PCI.²²

Considering the aforementioned evidence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of NLR and PV and especially their intercorrelations in subjects with juvenile myocardial infarction (JMI) at the initial stage and after 3 and 12 months. Previously, we have separately examined these parameters in the same population of patients with JMI.^23,24 This article is a part of the scientific project identified as ‘Sicilian study on juvenile myocardial infarction’. Myocardial infarction occurring at a relatively young age (45 years is the age limit generally accepted) has peculiarities in the pattern of risk factors and coronary lesions, which can justify its definition as a separate clinical condition.^25,26

Subjects

In this study, we examined 120 young subjects (109 men and 11 women, aged <46 years) with recent AMI. The time interval between the AMI onset and the investigation was 13 ± 7 days. The diagnosis of AMI was carried out on the basis of clinical picture, electrocardiography, blood parameters (creatine kinase, troponin, and myoglobin), and echocardiography. The localization of infarction was anterior in 60 patients (50%), inferior in 59 (49.2%), and indefinite in 1 (0.8%). Subjects were admitted either from the A&E department of our university hospital or were transferred from other hospitals in western Sicily. In each subject, we examined the presence of the main cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking habits, family history of CAD, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. According to the number of cardiovascular risk factors, the young AMI subjects were subdivided into 3 subgroups: 39 of them had 0 to 1 risk factor, 39 had 2 risk factors, and 42 had 3 to 5 risk factors. Coronary angiography was performed only in 103 subjects. In the other cases, the subjects declined their consent or the angiographic evaluation was not carried out because of the long distance between the hospital in which the AMI was diagnosed and the angiographic unit of the university centre. The 103 subjects in which coronary angiography was performed were subdivided into 3 groups on the basis of the extent of coronary lesions: 23 subjects did not have any significant coronary lesions, 46 had a single-vessel disease (defined as a stenosis >70% in 1 coronary artery) and 34 had a multi-vessel disease, that is, a stenosis >70% in at least 2 coronary vessels. A revascularization procedure was performed in 68 patients (a PCI in 60 and a CABG in 8). The interval between the revascularization and the study was at least 5 days. The 12 patients with significant coronary lesions who did not undergo any revascularization procedure were among those recruited in the first 12 months of the study (April 2001-March 2002), when the organization of interventional cardiology in Sicily was much less advanced than it would become in the following years. Seven of the patients refused their consent to the ‘new’ procedure; in 5 cases, it was not proposed due to ‘technical reasons’. Of the patients with no revascularization, 4 were lost at follow-up, 1 had reinfarction, 1 developed heart failure, and 6 had no events during the follow-up period.

Of the young subjects with AMI, 83 were also investigated at 3 months and 66 at 12 months. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee and each subject gave informed consent.

Methods

Blood samples were collected by venous puncture from the antecubital vein and immediately transferred to glass tubes anticoagulated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-K3. The following parameters were evaluated:

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR): white blood cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were obtained by using an automated blood cell counter and the NLR was calculated.

Plasma viscosity (PV): this parameter was measured at the shear rate of 450 s⁻¹ using the cone-and-plate viscometer Wells-Brookfield mod. ½ LVT (Middleboro, MA).

The same parameters were examined in a group of normal subjects comparable to AMI subjects for age and sex, without any sign of acute or chronic vascular disease (clinical history, physical examination, laboratory, and instrumental tests).

Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± SD; the statistical difference between normal controls and young AMI subjects at baseline, between STEMI and NSTEMI, and between AMI patients with and without cardiovascular events at follow-up was examined according to the Student t test for unpaired data. The comparison between the groups of young AMI subjects subdivided on the basis of the number of cardiovascular risk factors and the number of involved coronary vessels was performed using the one-way analysis of variance model. We also performed the Bonferroni post-test for each pair of groups. As for the distribution of risk factors and stenosed coronary vessels according to NLR and PV, the chi-square test was employed. The difference between NLR and PV at the initial stage of AMI and at 3 and 12 months was explored using the Student t test for paired data. The statistical correlation between NLR and PV was examined using linear regression.

Results

At the initial stage, NLR and PV were significantly higher in young AMI subjects compared with normal controls (Table 1). Neither of these parameters distinguished STEMI from NSTEMI (data not shown). Subdividing young AMI subjects according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors (Table 2) and to the number of involved coronary vessels (Table 2), no difference in NLR or PV was observed among the 3 respective subgroups.

Table 1.

Means ± SD of NLR and PV in control subjects and AMI patients.

	Control subjects	AMI patients	P
NLR	1.817 ± 0.711	2.376 ± 0.873	<.0001
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.259 ± 0.125	1.519 ± 0.108	<.0001

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

Table 2.

Means ± SD of NLR and PV in AMI patients subdivided according to the number of risk factors or to the number of stenosed coronary vessels.

Number of risk factors	0-1 risk factor (n = 39)	2 risk factors (n = 39)	>2 risk factors (n = 42)	F	P
NLR	2.453 ± 1.025	2.340 ± 0.718	2.340 ± 0.875	0.2187	.8039
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.504 ± 0.102	1.517 ± 0.091	1.533 ± 0.127	0.7135	.4921
Number of stenosed coronary vessels	No coronary lesions (n = 23)	One stenosed vessel (n = 46)	2-3 stenosed vessels (n = 34)	F	P
NLR	2.485 ± 0.991	2.366 ± 0.814	2.485 ± 0.848	0.2470	.7816
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.512 ± 0.098	1.518 ± 0.093	1.537 ± 0.132	0.4464	.6412

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

Bonferroni post-test: P > .05 for all pairs.

Subsequently, we subdivided the entire group of young AMI subjects according to the median value of NLR, and in the 2 subgroups, no statistical difference was found concerning the risk factors (Table 3) or the involved coronary vessels (Table 3). Taking the same approach, we subdivided the total group of young AMI subjects according to the median value of PV, and also, in these 2 subgroups, no difference was observed concerning the risk factors (Table 4) or the involved coronary vessels (Table 4). We observed an increase in PV in the subgroup with higher NLR, but no difference in NLR was evident between the subgroups with higher and lower PV (data not shown).

Table 3.

Distribution of risk factors and stenosed coronary vessels in AMI patients subdivided according to NLR.

Risk factors	NLR < median value (2.206)	NLR > median value (2.206)	P
0-1 risk factor	18 (30%)	21 (35%)	.7939
2 risk factors	21 (35%)	18 (30%)
>2 risk factors	21 (35%)	21 (35%)
Stenosed coronary vessels	NLR < median value (2.206)	NLR > median value (2.206)	P
No coronary lesions	11 (22%)	12 (22.6%)	.7733
1 stenosed vessel	24 (48%)	22 (41.5%)
2-3 stenosed vessels	15 (30%)	19 (35.9%)

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

Table 4.

Distribution of risk factors and stenosed coronary vessels in AMI patients subdivided according to PV.

Risk factor	PV ⩽ median value (1.510)	PV > median value (1.510)	P
0-1 risk factor	22 (36%)	17 (28.8%)	.6575
2 risk factors	18 (29.5%)	21 (35.6%)
>2 risk factors	21 (34.5%)	21 (35.6%)
Stenosed coronary vessels	PV ⩽ median value (1.510)	PV > median value (1.510)	P
No coronary lesions	11 (22%)	12 (22.6%)	.9638
1 stenosed vessel	23 (46%)	23 (43.4%)
2-3 stenosed vessels	16 (32%)	18 (34%)

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

We also examined the behaviour of the 2 parameters after 3 and 12 months, in comparison with the initial stage. This investigation showed that at both times, only a decrease in NLR was evident (Table 5).

Table 5.

Means ± SD of NLR and PV in AMI patients at baseline and after 3 months and at baseline and after 1 year.

Baseline and after 3 months (n = 83)	Baseline	After 3 months	P
NLR	2.363 ± 0.833	2.038 ± 0.701	.0009
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.492 ± 0.097	1.466 ± 0.119	.0667
Baseline and after 1 year (n = 66)	Baseline	After 1 year
NLR	2.358 ± 0.822	2.113 ± 0.932	.0460
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.492 ± 0.097	1.475 ± 0.009	.1371

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

During the follow-up, 24 subjects developed cardiovascular complications; 6 patients developed heart failure, 15 a new is-chemic event: stable angina in 2, unstable angina in 9 (6 underwent PCI, 3 CABG), and reinfarction in 4 (3 underwent PCI, 1 CABG); 3 patients developed heart failure and also had an ischemic event: 1 stable angina, 1 unstable angina, and 1 reinfarction; the acute coronary syndromes underwent revascularization through PCI. None of the ischemic events happened less than 3 months before hemorheological re-evaluation.

We compared the initial NLR and PV values in AMI subjects who did or did not subsequently developed cardiovascular complications, and it emerged that only PV was discriminant, even though at a low level of statistical significance (Table 6).

Table 6.

Means ± SD of NLR and PV in AMI patients with and without cardiovascular events during follow-up.

	AMI patients without events	AMI patients with events	P
NLR	2.293 ± 0.806	2.535 ± 0.761	0.1987
PV 450 s⁻¹ (cP)	1.500 ± 0.107	1.555 ± 0.094	0.0295

AMI, acute myocardial infarction; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PV, plasma viscosity.

At the initial stage and at 3 and 12 months after AMI, we examined the statistical correlation between NLR and PV, not only in the entire group, but also in the subgroups obtained subdividing AMI subjects for risk factors or involved coronary vessels. From this analysis, it was observed that only after 12 months, there was a significant positive correlation between the 2 parameters and only in the whole group (data not shown).

Discussion

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at a young age is generally considered a rather infrequent event in medical practice, nevertheless it accounts for 2% to 10% of all cases of AMI, as demonstrated by different surveys.^25,26

The 2 parameters we simultaneously examined, NLR and PV, even though not statistically correlated, initially seemed to have a parallel course, not influenced by cardiovascular risk factors nor by the angiographic picture. On the contrary, the evaluation of NLR and PV at 3 and 12 months after AMI showed a different behaviour of the 2 parameters. In fact, NLR decreased significantly at follow-up, whereas PV did not. The persistent increase, unique to PV, was contrary to expectations because both NLR and PV can be part of the reaction to an acute ischemic condition. However, studying the genetic pattern in the same population of young AMI patients, we observed a higher prevalence of pro-inflammatory polymorphisms and a lower prevalence of anti-inflammatory polymorphisms.²⁷ Unlike NLR, PV could be a marker of such genetic alteration.

The difference in the initial PV values between AMI subjects with and without cardiovascular complications during follow-up suggests a predictive role of this hemorheological parameter. This observation conforms to the findings from a large prospective study, recently published,²⁸ which enrolled 3386 men and women (aged 30-74 years) and examined blood and plasma viscosity as predictors of cardiovascular disease and total mortality. During an average follow-up of 17 years, it clearly emerged that only PV had a significant predictive role for both cardiovascular events and total mortality.

In this regard, a limitation to our study was the early interruption of follow-up. Such interruption, as mentioned in a previous paper on the same topic,²⁹ was due to the distance between our university centre and the place of origin of many of these young AMI subjects.

Conclusions

Our study, besides showing the predictive value of PV as a cardiovascular risk factor also in subjects who have AMI at a relatively young age, gives evidence of a persistent alteration of this rheological parameter in the follow-up of these patients. We did not observe a similar persistence of NLR, that is, another marker of acute phase reaction. It is not possible to exclude that in many young subjects with AMI, the increase in PV is genetically determined, then pre-existent and even contributing to the pathogenesis of AMI.

Footnotes

Funding:

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration of conflicting interests:

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Author Contributions

All the authors contributed to the research design, the drafting of the article and the revision process. MM performed the laboratory testing. RLP performed the statistical analysis.

ORCID iD

Gregorio Caimi

References

Fowler

Agha

RA.

Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is related to the severity of coronary artery disease and clinical outcome in patients undergoing angiography – the growing versatility of NLR. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228:44–45. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.008.

Williams

Merhige

ME.

Association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and impaired myocardial perfusion in patients with known or suspected coronary disease. Heart Lung. 2013;42:436–441.

Arbel

Finkelstein

Halkin

et al . Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is related to the severity of coronary artery disease and clinical outcome in patients undergoing angiography. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225:456–460.

Papa

Emdin

Passino

Michelassi

Battaglia

Cocci

Predictive value of elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio on cardiac mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;395:27–31. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.019.

Wang

Zhang

Jiang

Zhu

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in relation to risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among patients undergoing angiography or cardiac revascularization: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234:206–213. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.003.

Nunez

Bodi

et al . Usefulness of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting long-term mortality in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:747–752. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.004.

Ghaffari

Nadiri

Pourafkari

et al . The predictive value of total neutrophil count and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in predicting in-hospital mortality and complications after STEMI. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2014;6:35–41. doi:10.5681/jcvtr.2014.007.

Sen

Afsar

Ozcan

et al . The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with impaired myocardial perfusion and long term adverse outcome in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228:203–210. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.017.

Kaya

Akpek

Lam

et al . Prognostic value of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention: a prospective, multicenter study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:1154–1159. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.074.

10.

Sahin

Gur

Elbasan

et al . Predictors of preinterventional patency of infarct-related artery in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: importance of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and uric acid level. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2013;18:e77–e81.

11.

Turkmen

Dogdu

Tekin

et al The relationship between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the TIMI flow grade in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:2185–2189.

12.

Azab Zaher

Weiserbs

Torbey

et al . Usefulness of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting short- and long-term mortality after non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106:470–476. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.062.

13.

Lee

Chong

et al . The long-term predictive value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in Type 2 diabetic patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. QJM. 2012;105:1075–1082. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcs123.

14.

Baskurt

. Mevhanisms of blood rheology alterations. In: Baskurt

Hardeman

Rampling

Meiselman

, eds. Handbook of Hemorheology and Hemodynamics. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press;2007:170–190.

15.

Koenig

Sund

Filipiak

Doring

Lowel

Ernst

Plasma viscosity and the risk of coronary heart disease: results from the MONICA-Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:768–772.

16.

Vayá

Simó

Santaolaria

Carrasco

Corella

Plasma viscosity and related cardiovascular risk factors in a Spanish Mediterranean population. Thromb Res. 2007;120:489–495. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2006.11.009.

17.

Junker

Heinrich

Ulbrich

et al . Relationship between plasma viscosity and the severity of coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:870–875.

18.

Lowe

Drummond

Lorimer

et al . Relation between extent of coronary artery disease and blood viscosity. Br Med J. 1980;280:673–674.

19.

Patterson

Blankenberg

Ben-Shlomo

et al . Which biomarkers are predictive specifically for cardiovascular or for noncardiovascular mortality in men? Evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS). Int J Cardiol. 2015;201:113–118. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.106.

20.

Neumann

Katus

Hoberg

et al . Increased plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation: indicators of an unfavourable clinical outcome in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Br Heart J. 1991;66:425–430.

21.

Sargento

Do Rosario

Perdigao

Monteiro

Saldanha

Martins

Silva

Long-term prognostic value of the hemorheological profile in transmural myocardial infarction survivors: 60-month clinical follow-up. Rev Port Cardiol. 2002;21:1263–1275.

22.

Wasilewski

Turczynski

Slowinska

Kowalik

Osadnik

Polonski

Haemorheological factors and myocardial reperfusion in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Kardiol Pol. 2007;65:778–785; discussion 786–787.

23.

Caimi

Lo Presti

Canino

Ferrera

Hopps

Behaviour of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in young subjects with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2016;62:239–247. doi:10.3233/CH-151968.

24.

Caimi

Lo Presti

Andolina

Hopps

Short-term prognosis of Juvenile myocardial infarction: role of plasma viscosity. Angiology. 2016;67:799–801. doi:10.1177/0003319715626065.

25.

Doughty

Mehta

Bruckman

et al . Acute myocardial infarction in the young – the University of Michigan experience. Am Heart J. 2002;143:56–62.

26.

Imazio

Bobbio

Bergerone

Barlera

Maggioni

AP.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of juvenile myocardial infarction in Italy: the GISSI experience. G Ital Cardiol. 1998;28:505–512.

27.

Incalcaterra

Caruso

Balistreri

et al . Role of genetic polymorphisms in myocardial infarction at young age. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2010;46:291–298. doi:10.3233/CH-2010-1353.

28.

Peters

SAE

Woodward

Rumley

Tunstall-Pedoe

Lowe

GDO

. Plasma and blood viscosity in the prediction of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24:161–167. doi:10.1177/2047487316672004.

29.

Incalcaterra

Caruso

Lo Presti

Caimi

Myocardial infarction in young adults: risk factors, clinical characteristics and prognosis according to our experience. Clin Ter. 2013;164:e77–e82. doi:10.7417/CT.2013.1535.