Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Background:

Garlic, as an additive, a spice, and an ancient herbal medicine, has been proposed as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of garlic supplementation on fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and lipid profile in patients with T2DM.

Methods:

All articles published up to November 2024 were reviewed through the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases to gather all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on T2DM patients in which garlic was used as a treatment. A random-effects model was used to measure pooled effect sizes. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to report pooled effect sizes. Subgroup analysis was utilized to investigate heterogeneity.

Results:

Finally, 8 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Our pooled meta-analysis showed a significant decrease in FBS after garlic therapy based on 10 effect sizes (WMD: −12.41; 95% CI: −15.13 to −9.69; I^² = 99.2%) and in HbA1C based on 7 effect sizes (WMD: −0.5; 95% CI: −0.66 to −0.33; I^² = 96.4%). Also, total cholesterol (TC) was significantly reduced (WMD: −8.26; 95% CI: −14.65 to −1.88; I^² = 90.9%) based on 7 effect sizes, while changes in HDL-C, TG, and LDL-C were not significant overall. However, when garlic was combined with oral hypoglycemic agents, a significant reduction in LDL-C was observed (WMD: −8.64; 95% CI: −10.54 to −6.78; I^² = 95.6%) compared to garlic alone. Moreover, longer duration of garlic supplementation significantly improved all lipid profiles in patients with T2DM. Significant improvements in HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC were also noted in older patients after garlic therapy.

Conclusions:

The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the potential effect of garlic therapy for the management of T2DM. However, due to the low quality of the studies included in this review, further high-quality RCTs should be conducted based on our findings.

PROSPERO registration number:

CRD42024628780.

Keywords

antidiabetic agents garlic metabolic profile type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most significant public health concerns worldwide.¹ T2DM is caused by impaired insulin secretion and beta-cell dysfunction.² So far, more than 530 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with diabetes (3). There are affordable therapy options for the management of T2DM, including lifestyle modifications, healthy eating patterns, and physical activity.³ Also, sugar-lowering medicines, including thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and sulfonylureas, can be effective in the management of blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.⁴ These methods have been used for T2DM, although some adverse effects have been observed in a few patients after using these medications.⁵ Most antidiabetic medicines prescribed to these patients have various side effects.⁶ Therefore, traditional treatments attract more attention than any available modern medicine (8).

Many ancient herbal therapies, such as ginger, turmeric, flaxseed, cinnamon, and fenugreek, have long been used to treat patients with metabolic disorders.^7
-12 Anciently, garlic (genus Allium) was used as a spice, additive, and medicinal plant in many foods around the world.¹³ Many studies have demonstrated the tremendous medical advantages of garlic in both humans and animals.^14,15 In addition, garlic, as one of the dietary ingredients, has beneficial effects on diabetic complications.^16,17 These beneficial effects of garlic are likely due to the presence of sulfur compounds.^18,19

According to one study, blood glucose was significantly lower in the group of raw garlic-treated diabetic rabbits than in the control group.²⁰ Furthermore, a study found that the administration of garlic extract led to a decrease in serum glucose levels in diabetic rats.²¹ Also, some human studies reported that taking garlic supplements did not decrease blood sugar levels in patients with T2DM.²²

Although some reports support the beneficial effects of garlic in diabetic patients, a recent study showed that garlic pills, as a safe medicine, could reduce fasting blood sugar (FBS) in women with prediabetes between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation.²³ Also, some studies have suggested that garlic has a lipid-lowering effect in diabetic patients.^22,24

S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide, a compound found in garlic, has demonstrated the ability to stimulate insulin secretion in diabetic rats.²⁵ Furthermore, garlic contributes to reducing the risk of atherosclerosis by lowering blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and potentially managing diabetes mellitus. It also prevents the formation of blood clots.^26,27 In addition, garlic may support the reduction of cholesterol and blood glucose, aiding in the management of hyperlipidemia and diabetes.^28,29

Furthermore, it is important to consider that the simultaneous use of antidiabetic medications and garlic may have different effects on T2DM compared to their separate use. Current study aimed to answer whether consuming garlic alone has a different effect compared to taking it simultaneously with antidiabetic medicines. A few studies have investigated the simultaneous use of antidiabetic drugs and garlic in patients with T2DM.²¹ A previous study indicated that garlic alone or in combination with sulfonylurea derivatives has a similar effect on FBS in patients with T2DM.³⁰ However, another study showed that metformin combined with garlic has a stronger therapeutic effect than metformin alone.³¹

As mentioned above, many studies have reported that garlic is used to improve metabolic parameters in people with type 2 diabetes. However, results from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on garlic’s effects on glycemic markers have been inconsistent. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has currently evaluated the therapeutic impact of garlic supplements with or without antidiabetic medications on the metabolic profile of patients with T2DM. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of RCTs to assess the efficacy of garlic in managing type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Search Strategy

Current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on RCTs following the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The protocol of our study was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42024628780). This study aims to evaluate the effects of garlic on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), FBS, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

The search strategy is provided in Supplemental File 1. We did not apply any language restrictions in this study, and to avoid missing relevant studies, we also reviewed the references cited in previous systematic reviews.

Inclusion Criteria

Table 1 shows the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design) criteria. We included studies involving patients with T2DM who were able to consume garlic and complete the trials.

Table 1.

The Inclusion Criteria of PICOS.

PICOS components	Detail
Participants	Adults average age >18 y with T2DM.
Interventions	Garlic supplementation
Comparisons	Placebo
Outcomes	FBS, HbA1C, TG, TC, LDL and HDL
Study designs	RCTs

Exclusion Criteria

Studies that met any of the following criteria were excluded from our study: those conducted on animals, children, or cells; studies involving lactating or pregnant women; dissertations and conference abstracts; studies without a placebo group; and studies lacking sufficient information.

Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

The eligibility of the studies was assessed by 2 authors (AE, LS). The following information was extracted from each study: author’s name, year of publication, country, subjects and gender, age range, study design, daily garlic dosage, study duration, outcomes, method of outcome assessment, sample size, mean and SD of outcomes in the intervention and control groups, and any additional interventions.

Cochrane criteria were used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Two independent authors (AE and MAI) evaluated the risk of bias based on random sequence generation, blinding of personnel and participants, allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors, selective outcome reporting, completeness of outcome data, and other potential biases. For each study, the risk of bias was classified as low, high, or unclear.³²

Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis

To determine between-study heterogeneity, Cochran’s Q test and I-square statistics were used (I^² > 50% indicating significant heterogeneity). Pooled effect sizes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects analysis. Fixed-effect analysis was applied for all subgroup analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 11.0. Sensitivity analyses were per-formed for all outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed using a leave-one-out method. In this approach, each study was sequentially removed from the meta-analysis to assess its individual influence on the overall effect size and the stability of the pooled results. Only Begg and Mazumdar’s test was performed to assess publication bias due to having fewer than 10 studies.³³

Characteristics of the Included Studies

By searching the database, 3318 articles were retrieved. After screening titles and abstracts, 715 duplicates were removed, leaving 2603 articles. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 8 studies with 13 effect sizes in this systematic review and meta-analysis (Figure 1). Included studies were published between 2005 and 2020. In total, 607 participants of both genders were divided into 307 in the intervention group and 300 in the placebo group. The average age of the patients ranged from 18 to 75 years. Garlic was administered daily in dosages ranging from 50 to 1500 mg in the included studies. The duration of the intervention varied between 4 and 24 weeks (Table 2).

Figure 1.

Literature search and review flowchart.

Table 2.

General Characteristics of Included Studies.

Code/author (year)	Country	Subjects and gender	Age range and mean	Body weight/height/body mass index	Design	Garlic dosage/day	Duration (week)	Outcomes	Outcome assessment method	Sample size	Outcome		Any other intervention	Disease
Code/author (year)	Country	Subjects and gender	Age range and mean	Body weight/height/body mass index	Design	Garlic dosage/day	Duration (week)	Outcomes	Outcome assessment method	Sample size	Intervention, mean ± SD, number	Control, mean ± SD, number	Any other intervention	Disease
1. Ashraf et al (2005)	Pakistan	Both gender	I = 60 ± 5.04 C = 58 ± 5.80	I_w = 62.2 ± 10.45 P_w = 63 ± 9.80 Height: I = 165.2 ± 8.8 P = 167.60 ± 9.20	RCT	600 mg (300 mg containing 1.3% allicin twice daily)	12	T.Chol TG HDL LDL	(TC) and (TG) and HDL were measured by using analyzers (Selectra-II, MICROLAB Germany). LDL-C was calculated by the Friedwald equation, LDL-C = TC-HDL-C + TG/5.	I = 33 C = 32	Total Cholesterol mg/dl Before = 228.23 ± 26.08 mg/dl After = 200.77 ± 29.12 LDL-C mg/dl Before = 163.57 ± 26.76 After = 133.42 ± 26.48 HDL-C mg/dl Before = 38 ± 9.93 After = 41.35 ± 7.52 mg/dl TG Before = 202.03 ± 49.34 After = 203.45 ± 50.6	Total Cholesterol mg/dl Before = 220.45 ± 12.72 After = 218.34 ± 17.25 LDL-C mg/dl Before = 167 ± 19.06 After = 164.3 ± 20.13 HDL-C mg/dl Before = 36.58 ± 19.51 After = 37.2 ± 21.83 TG Before = 200.6 ± 28.56 After = 198.58 ± 29.69	No	Type 2 diabetic patients
2. Ashraf et al (2011)	Pakistan	Both gender	I = 40 ± 5.04 C = 45 ± 4.58	I_w = 68.2 ± 10.45 P_w = 69.1 ± 7.58 Height: I = 165.2 ± 8.81 P = 166.4 ± 6.58	Single-blind placebo controlled study	300 mg- 600 mg- 900 mg- 1200 mg- 1500 mg	24	FBS (mg/dl)- HbA1C (%)-	Blood glucose was determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) was estimated by Fast Ion-Exchange Resin Separation Method.	I = 27 C = 27	300 mg FBS Before = 127 ± 1.73 After = 125 ± 1.96 HbA1C (%) Before = 6.59 ± 0.22 After = 6.02 ± 0.249 600 mg FBS Before = 128 ± 1.61 After = 126 ± 2.31 HbA1C (%) Before = 6.52 ± 0.28 After = 6.06 ± 0.28 900 mg FBS Before = 128 ± 1.35 After = 124 ± 1.5 HbA1C (%) Before = 6.60 ± 0.28 After = 6.03 ± 0.28 1200 mg FBS Before = 128 ± 1.63 After = 123 ± 1.36 HbA1C (%) Before = 6.53 ± 0.29 After = 6 ± 0.27 1500 mg FBS Before = 129 ± 1.158 After = 123 ± 1.169 HbA1C (%) Before = 6. 73 ± 1.18 After = 5.97 ± 0.166	For all doses: FBS Before = 127 ± 0.98 After = 131 ± 1.87 HbA1C (%) Before = 6.31 ± 0.18 After = 6.40 ± 0.25	Metformin	Type 2 diabetic patients
3. Ashraf et al (2011)	Pakistan	Both gender	I = 40 ± 5.04 C = 35 ± 4.58	I_w = 68.2 ± 10.45 P_w = 69.1 ± 7.58 Height: I = 165.2 ± 8.81 P = 166.4 ± 6.58	Single-blind and placebo controlled study	900 mg (300 mg three times per day)	24	FBS (mg/dl)-	??	I = 27 C = 27	FBS Before = 128.3 + 1.61 After = 124.8 ± 1.71	FBS Before = 112.9 ± 2.81 After = 110.2 ± 2.7	Garlic + Metformin	Type 2 diabetic patients
4. Atkin et al (2016)	UK	Both gender	61 ± 8 (18-70)	–	A double blind, placebo controlled crossover pilot study	1200 mg	4 with a 4 wk washout	Total cholesterol (mg/dl)- Plasma HDL (mg/dl)- Plasma triglycerides (mg/dl)	HbA1c was measured by HPLC (Menarini Diagnostics, Wokingham, UK). Plasma total cholesterol concentration was measured by esterase and oxidase conversion (Advia 1650, Bayer Diagnostics, Newbury, UK) and HDL cholesterol and plasma triglyceride concentration by enzymatic determination (Advia 1650, Bayer Diagnostics, Newbury, UK).	26	TC Before = 75.6 ± 16.2 After = 75.6 ± 14.4 HDL Before = 18 ± 5.4 After = 18 ± 5.4 TG Before = 25.2 ± 9.2 After = 25.2 ± 10.6 Hs-CRP Before = 2.0 ± 1.33 After = 1.9 ± 1.4	TC Before = 75.6 ± 14.4 After = 75.6 ± 16.2 HDL Before = 18 ± 5.4 After = 18 ± 5.4 TG Before = 28.8 ± 15.8 After = 27 ± 14.6 Hs-CRP Before = 1.8 ± 1.55 After = 2.0 ± 1.18	Metformin Aspirin Statin ACEI	Type 2 diabetic patients
5. Kumar et al (2013)	India	Both gender	I = 52.8 ± 11.0 C = 53.8 ± 12.2	BMI: I = 27.23 ± 2.77 P = 27.72 ± 1.74	Open-label, prospective, randomized, comparative study	Metformin tablets, 500 mg BD/TDS, after meals, along with garlic (Allium sativum) capsules, 250 mg BD.	12	FBG HbA_1c triglyceride LDL-C HDL-C TC	cholesterol (CH), estimated by cholesterol oxidase-phenol-aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method; triglycerides (TG), using glycerolphosphate oxidase-phenol-aminophenazone (GPO-PAP) end point assay method; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), by polyethylene glycol cholesterol oxidase-phenol-aminophenazone (PEG-CHOD-PAP) method; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), as described by Bairaktar et al; S high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), as described by Mendall et al; HbA1c, analyzed by a Nycocard^® Reader (Axis-Shield Diagnostics Ltd, Dundee, UK)	I = 30 C = 30	FBG mg/dl Before = 157.10 ± 13.54 After = 121.34 ± 6.90 HbA1c Before = 7.40% ± 0.59% After = 7.05% ± 0.50% Total S CH mg/dl Before = 254.07 ± 16.03 After = 238.50 ± 19.49 STG mg/dl Before = 182.60 ± 6.44 After = 170.47 ± 7.17 SLDL-C mg/dl Before = 188.33 ± 36.46 After = 178.77 ± 34.39 SHDL-C mg/dl Before = 42.50 ± 8.96 After = 46.97 ± 9.14	FBG mg/dl Before = 160.32 ± 16.73 After = 134.97 ± 10.28 HbA1c Before = 7.67% ± 0.97% After = 7.45% ± 0.77% Total S CH mg/dl Before = 249.53 ± 20.44 After = 242.97 ± 20.83 STG mg/dl Before = 190.87 ± 50.47 After = 184.80 ± 48.07 SLDL-C mg/dl Before = 186.70 ± 26.35 After = 181.60 ± 25.36 SHDL-C mg/dl Before = 41.90 ± 7.65 After = 43.93 ± 7.32	Garlic + metformin	Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity
6. Manafikhi et al (2015)	Syria	Both gender	30-70 y	–	RCT	50 mg garlic- 500 mg metformin once a day and 4 mg glyburide twice a day	12	FBS (mg/dl) TG (mg/dl) TC (mg/dl) HDL-C (mg/dl) LDL-C (mg/dl)	HbA1c percentage by using immunofluorescence method. FBS using the enzymatic method (glucose oxidase), TG using the enzymatic method TC using the enzymatic method, HDL-C using the precipitation method and LDL-C using the precipitation method.	I = 51 C = 45	FBS Before = 216.16 ± 10.34 After = 188.44 ± 17.45 TG Before = 183.16 ± 12.06 After = 117.04 ± 14.51 TC Before = 201.78 ± 6.53 After = 186.84 ± 7.95 LDL Before = 159.54 ± 6.9 After = 146.92 ± 8.24	FBS Before = 173.38 ± 9.28 After = 192.24 ± 18.92 TG Before = 194.20 ± 12.57 After = 143.28 ± 13.99 TC Before = 201.44 ± 11.64 After = 197.24 ± 9.09 LDL Before = 150.02 ± 8.66 After = 159.60 ± 9.79	Garlic + metformin + glyburide	Type 2 diabetic patients
7. Park et al (2020)	Republic of Korea	Both gender	54.17 ± 9.10	BMI = 25.83 ± 3.04	Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled crossover trial.	486 mg per day Allium hookeri extract	8	HbA1c (%)- Total cholesterol (mg/dL)- Triglycerides (mg/dL)- HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	Total glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during OGTT was determined using the trapezoidal method. HbA1c concentration was measured using an ADAMS A1C HA-8180 (Arkray Factory, Kyoto, Japan). TC, TG, HDL and LDL concentrations were measured using a Hitachi 7600 to 110 analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).	22	HbA1c Change = −0.04 ± 0.12 Total cholesterol Change = −1.18 ± 28.03 Triglycerides Change = −10.68 ± 34.42 HDL Change = 0.41 ± 5.43 LDL Change = 1.36 ± 25.42	HbA1c Change = 0.07 ± 0.15 Total cholesterol Change = −1.59 ± 18.98 Triglycerides Change = −3.55 ± 84.89 HDL Change = −2.18 ± 6.18 LDL Change = −1.18 ± 17.76	No	Prediabetes subjects
8. Sobenin et al (2007)	Russia	Both gender	48.2 ± 2.6 (34-62 y)	–	Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled outpatient clinical trial	Monotherapy (Allicor) and Combined therapy (Allicor) (300 mg twice a day) or placebo in addition to continuing treatment with oral hypoglycemics–sulfonylurea derivatives.	4	FBG, (mg/dl)- TC (mg/dl)- TG (mg/dl)- HDL (mg/dl)- LDL (mg/dl)-	TC and TG levels were measured by commercial enzymatic kits (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany). Serum HDL cholesterol concentrations were measured after precipitation with magnesium chloride phosphotungstic acid reagent (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany). Serum LDL cholesterol was calculated by Friedewald formula as the difference between total cholesterol and the sum of HDL cholesterol and 1/2.3 triglycerides.	I_M = 10 I_C = 10 C = 10	Monotherapy FBG Before = 138.6 ± 34 After = 113.4 ± 22.7 TC Before = 115.6 ± 10.1 After = 112.1 ± 26.6 TG Before = 53.3 ± 29 After = 34.2 ± 14.2 HDL Before = 22.9 ± 6.2 After = 23 ± 6.2 LDL Before = 69.5 ± 11.9 After = 74.2 ± 25 Combined therapy FBG Before = 174.6 ± 22.7 After = 162 ± 28.4 TC Before = 122.6 ± 14.8 After = 117.4 ± 23.8 TG Before = 54.5 ± 17.6 After = 40.5 ± 18.7 HDL Before = 23.4 ± 6.1 After = 23 ± 7.4 LDL Before = 75.4 ± 15.3 After = 76.7 ± 23.8	Monotherapy FBG Before = 136.8 ± 34 After = 167.4 ± 22.7 TC Before = 117.4 ± 19.3 After = 114.5 ± 25 TG Before = 47.9 ± 44.3 After = 44.1 ± 14.8 HDL Before = 24.8 ± 7.4 After = 25.6 ± 5 LDL Before = 71.6 ± 12.5 After = 69.7 ± 23.9 Combined therapy FBG Before = 181.8 ± 45.4 After = 183.6 ± 39.8 TC Before = 113.2 ± 17.6 After = 113.6 ± 25 TG Before = 51.8 ± 16.9 After = 47.5 ± 21.6 HDL Before = 24.8 ± 7.9 After = 25.2 ± 6.8 LDL Before = 65.9 ± 18.2 After = 67.7 ± 25.6	Allicor+ sulfonylurea derivatives	Type 2 diabetic patients

Risk of Assessment

Evaluation of the study quality using the predetermined tool revealed that one of the studies included in our meta-analysis was of high quality, while the remaining studies exhibited low methodological quality. Most studies demonstrated inadequate or poorly reported randomization processes. Few explicitly described the method of sequence generation, and in many cases, allocation concealment was either unclear or absent. Such deficiencies increase the risk of selection bias. Blinding was insufficiently applied across the majority of studies. Many failed to blind participants, personnel, and outcome assessors, which raises concerns. Selective outcome reporting and incomplete data presentation were common issues. Several studies did not report all outcomes or omitted negative results, limiting transparency. Additional information regarding the quality assessment of the included studies can be found in Table 3.

Table 3.

Assessment of Risk of Bias in the Included Studies Using Cochrane Criteria.

ID	Study	Sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants and personnel	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective outcome reporting	Other potential threats to validity	General risk of bias
1	Ashraf et al (2005)	U	H	H	H	L	L	L	H
2	Ashraf et al (2011)	U	H	H	H	L	H	L	H
3	Ashraf et al (2011)	U	H	H	H	L	H	L	H
4	Atkin et al (2016)	U	H	L	H	L	H	L	H
5	Kumar et al (2013)	U	H	H	H	L	H	L	H
6	Manafikhi et al (2015)	U	H	H	H	L	H	L	H
7	Park et al (2020)	L	L	L	U	L	L	L	L
8	Sobenin et al (2007)	U	H	L	H	L	H	L	H

Effects of Garlic Supplementation on FBS and HbA1C

Our combined meta-analysis revealed that administering garlic at doses ranging from 50 to 1500 mg per day, over a period of 4 to 24 weeks, significantly reduced FBS levels in adult patients with diabetes compared to the control group (P < .05). This conclusion is based on data from 5 studies, including a total of 10 effect sizes (WMD: −12.41; 95% CI: [−15.13, −9.69], I² = 99.2%; Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on FBS in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis.

The reduction in HbA1c (WMD: −0.5; 95% CI [−0.66, −0.33], I² = 96.4%) was also significant, based on 7 effect sizes from 3 studies (Figure 3). Due to substantial heterogeneity between studies, we conducted subgroup analyses based on factors such as participants’ age (<50 years and ⩾50 years), presence or absence of concomitant glucose-lowering medications, garlic dosage (<600 and ⩾600 mg), study duration, and publication year (<2011 and ⩾2011). Significant changes were observed in all FBS and HbA1c measurements; however, no differences were found in the subgroup analysis results for FBS and HbA1c (Table 4). Sensitivity analysis for FBS and HbA1C confirmed the stability of these results. Although, Egger’s test indicated the presence of publication bias for FBS and HbA1c (P ˂ .05).

Figure 3.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on HbA₁C in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis.

Table 4.

Subgroup Analyses for the Effects of Garlic Supplementation on FBS, HbA₁C, and Lipid Profile in Patients with T2DM.

Variables	Subgroups		Pooled WMD	95% Cl	1² (%)	Between-study 12 (%)	Number of effect sizes
FBS	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	−10.41	−14.63, −6,19	0	99	1
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	−7.01	−7.22, −6.81	99.1	99	8
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	−6.67	−7.18, −6.16	99.4	99.2	7
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	−7.2	−7.43, −6.98	99.2	99.2	3
	With other drugs	No	−55.8	−70.52, −41.08	0	99.2	1
	With other drugs	Yes	−7.11	−7.31, −6.9	99.3	99.2	9
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	−7.11	−7.31, −6.9	99.4	99.2	8
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 weeks	−34.92	−45.28, −24.55	93.5	99.2	2
	Publication year	⩽2011	−7.01	−7.22, −6.81	99.1	99.2	8
	Publication year	2011<	−26.88	−31.62, −25.69	99.3	99.2	2
HbA1C	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	−0.063	−0.66, −0.59	54.7	96.4	5
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	−0.11	−0.19, −0.04	0	96.4	2
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	−0.44	−0.49, −0.39	98.4	96.4	3
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	−0.61	−0.65, −0.57	57.7	96.4	4
	With other drugs	No	−0.11	−0.19, −0.03	0	96.4	1
	With other drugs	Yes	−0.61	−0.64, −0.58	86.4	96.4	6
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	−0.61	−0.64, −0.58	86.4	96.4	6
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 weeks	−0.11	−0.19, −0.03	0	96.4	1
	Publication year	⩽2011	−0.63	−0.66, −0,59	54.7	96.4	5
	Publication year	2011<	−0.11	−0.19, −0.04	0	96.4	2
HDL	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	−0.75	−2.79, 1.29	0	42.2	4
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	1.09	0.1, 2.08	51.1	42.2	2
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	2.47	0.82, 4.13	0	42.2	2
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	0.03	−1.03. 1.09	0	42.2	4
	With other drugs	No	1.18	−0.69, 3.06	34.1	42.2	3
	With other drugs	Yes	0.61	−0.4, 1.62	62.5	42.2	3
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	2.5	0.83, 4.17	0	42.2	2
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 weeks	0.04	−1.01, 1.1	0	42.2	4
	Publication year	⩽2011	0.08	−1.7, 1.87	24.9	42.2	3
	Publication year	2011<	0.96	−0.07, 1.99	62.2	42.2	3
LDL	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	2.41	−5.73, 10.56	0	92.9	2
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	−17.56	−21.5, −13.63	94.6	92.9	3
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	−21	−22.54, −19.45	94.4	93.3	3
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	−19.08	−23.39, −14.76	94.7	93.3	3
	With other drugs	No	−19.79	−24.23, −15.35	94.5	93.3	3
	With other drugs	Yes	−20.9	−22.44, −19.36	94.7	93.3	3
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	−21.86	−23.35, −20.37	92.9	93.3	3
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 weeks	2.45	−4.45, 9.35	0	93.3	3
	Publication year	⩽2011	−19.08	−23.39, −14.76	94.7	93.3	3
	Publication year	2011<	−21	−22.54, −19.45	94.4	93.3	3
TC	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	−3.64	−11.92, 4.65	0	92.1	2
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	−8.75	−11.26, −6.25	95.1	92.1	4
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	−10.35	−12.02, −8.67	26.9	90.9	3
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	−8.41	−11.29, −5.52	95.1	90.9	4
	With other drugs	No	−19.77	−24.31, −15.23	90.2	90.9	3
	With other drugs	Yes	−8.74	−10.27, −7.21	88	90.9	4
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	−11.94	−13.54, −10.34	93.2	90.9	3
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 weeks	−0.58	−3.97, 2.8	0	90.9	4
	Publication year	⩽2011	−19.3	−23.68, −14.93	89.7	90.0	3
	Publication year	2011<	−8.7	−10.23, −7.16	88.5	90.0	4
TG	Age of participants	Less than 50 years	−10.32	−17.76, −2.88	0	57	2
	Age of participants	More than 50 years	0.95	−1.86, 3.76	18.7	57	4
	Dosage of garlic	Less than 600 mg	−14.36	−16.74, −11.97	57.4	92	3
	Dosage of garlic	More than 600 mg	0.26	−2.52, 3.05	68	92	4
	With other drugs	No	0.53	−7.53, 8.6	19.7	92	3
	With other drugs	Yes	−8.64	−10.54, −6.78	95.6	92	4
	Duration of supplementation	More than 12 weeks	−13.18,	−15.49, −10.88	89.5	92	3
	Duration of supplementation	Less than 12 Sweeks	−0.13	−3.05, 2.8	66.5	92	4
	Publication year	⩽2011	−4.64	−10.34, 1.06	64.5	92	3
	Publication year	2011<	−8.58	−10.49, −6.67	95.6	92	4

Effects of Garlic Supplementation on Lipid Profile

The reduction in TC (WMD = −8.26; 95% CI = −14.65 to −1.88; I^² = 90.9%) was statistically significant based on 6 studies including 7 effect sizes (Figure 4). Changes in other lipid profiles, including HDL-C (WMD −0.74; 95% CI –0.15 to 1.63; I^² = 42.2%), TG (WMD −6.21; 95% CI −14.7 to 2.29; I^² = 92.0%), and LDL-C (WMD −8.86; 95% CI −18.61 to 0.88; I^² = 93.3%), were not statistically significant (Figures 5 -7). However, the subgroup analysis indicated that when garlic was used alongside oral hypoglycemic medications, a significant reduction in LDL-C [WMD −8.64; 95% CI (−10.54, −6.78), I² = 95.6%] was seen compared to using garlic alone.

Figure 4.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on TC in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis.

Figure 5.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on HDL-C in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from fixed-effects analysis.

Figure 6.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on TG in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis.

Figure 7.

Forest plot for the effect of garlic therapy on LDL-C in T2DM patients; expressed as the mean differences between the intervention and the control. The area of each square is proportional to the inverse of the variance of the WMD. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs. Diamonds represent pooled estimates from random-effects analysis.

According to the subgroup analysis, improvements in all lipid profiles were significantly greater with longer durations of garlic supplementation (more than 12 weeks). Additionally, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TC levels showed significant improvements in older patients (over 50 years). In contrast, a significant improvement in TG was observed only in younger diabetic patients (under 50 years) and not in older ones. Furthermore, significant improvements in HDL-C and TG levels were seen with doses below 600 mg per day (Table 4).

A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of the findings regarding the lipid profile. Notably, removing the studies by Ashraf et al (2005), Kumar et al (2013), and Manafikhi et al (2015) notably impacted the overall effect of garlic supplementation on total cholesterol (TC), changing the effect to a non-significant level. Removing the studies by Park et al (2020) and Sobnin et al (2007) significantly altered the overall effect of garlic supplementation on LDL making the effect statistically significant. Also, results of the sensitivity analysis showed that removing the Atkin et al (2016) study significantly affects the results for HDL and TG levels. Publication bias was assessed using Begg’s test, which showed no significant evidence of publication bias for any of the lipid profile (P ˃ .05).

Discussion

This study aimed to investigate the effects of garlic supplementation on lipid profiles, FBS, and HbA1c in patients with T2DM. Additionally, the current systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of garlic supplementation alongside antidiabetic medications compared to garlic supplementation without these modern drugs.

Our meta-analysis revealed a significant decrease in FBS and HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM following garlic supplementation. The observed reduction in HbA1c of 0.5% is not only statistically significant but also clinically meaningful. In patients with T2DM, reductions ⩾0.5% are associated with measurable improvements in long-term glycemic control and decreased risk of microvascular complications, indicating that the magnitude of effect observed in our analysis is relevant in clinical practice.^34,35 A study conducted in 2013 reported that garlic at a dose of 250 mg twice daily, combined with metformin tablets, significantly reduced FBS levels in patients with diabetes. However, the change in HbA1c levels was not statistically significant.³¹ In line with the current study, a meta-analysis by Wang et al found that garlic supplementation significantly reduced both FBS and HbA1c levels compared to placebo in patients with T2DM.³⁶ The results of the present meta-analysis are consistent with previous studies by Ashraf et al and Khan et al , which showed that garlic supplementation significantly reduced FBS and HbA1c over 24 weeks compared to the control group.^37,38 Although Manafikhi et al reported a decrease in FBS levels over 12 weeks with garlic supplementation in patients with T2DM treated with metformin and glyburide, it did not show significant changes in HbA1c levels.³⁹ This partially contrasts with our findings, as we observed significant reductions in both FBS and HbA1c. These differences could be attributed to the shorter intervention durations in their studies compared to the longer durations in the studies included in our analysis. Additionally, Manafikhi et al used low-dose garlic capsules (25 mg twice daily), whereas the studies in our analysis often employed higher doses or different forms of garlic, such as raw garlic or more potent supplements, which may enhance therapeutic effects. Furthermore, a previous systematic review and meta-analysis by Emami et al concluded that garlic consumption did not significantly reduce HbA1c levels, likely because many of the included studies had short durations, typically less than 8 weeks.⁴⁰ Since HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose over approximately 8 to 12 weeks,⁴¹ studies with shorter durations likely could not capture meaningful changes in this marker. Additionally, variations in participant characteristics may have influenced the outcomes, which contrasts with our findings.

In addition, our study indicated a significant change in TC after garlic therapy in patients with T2DM, but not in TG, LDL-C, or HDL-C levels. Despite not reaching statistical significance, the observed reductions in TG (–6 mg/dl) and LDL-C (–9 mg/dl) may still carry clinical relevance. Even modest improvements in these lipid parameters have been associated with incremental reductions in long-term cardiovascular risk, particularly in patients with T2DM who are already at elevated baseline risk. Therefore, although the confidence intervals include the null, the direction and magnitude of change suggest a potentially beneficial clinical effect that warrants confirmation in larger, high-quality trials.^42,43 Also, subgroup analysis showed that garlic alongside oral hypoglycemic medications could significantly improve TG levels compared to garlic alone. This highlights the value of garlic as an adjunctive treatment that complements modern therapies to improve cardiovascular health in patients with T2DM. In line with our study, a previous study reported a significant decrease in TC levels in T2DM patients following garlic therapy (23). Another systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Shabani et al reported that garlic significantly reduced lipid parameters, including TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C.²⁹ While this partially aligns with our findings, it differs in showing significant changes in TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels. A possible reason for this discrepancy is the difference in garlic dosage used in their study. Their meta-analysis included variable dosing regimens (500-20 000 mg/day), which were higher than the garlic dosage used in the present study. Another systematic review indicated reductions in TC, LDL, and TG, along with an increase in HDL, following garlic supplementation.⁴⁴ It was partially consistent with our study in the reduction of TC, but our study did not show significant changes in LDL-C, TG, or HDL-C levels. Possibly, shorter intervention durations contributed to this discrepancy. Another study conducted by Chattwal et al demonstrated that garlic, particularly when combined with metformin, significantly reduced TC, TG, and LDL-C, and increased HDL-C. While our study supports a reduction in TC, it contrasts with their findings for TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C, which remained insignificant in our study (30). Variations in garlic dosage, form, and supplementation duration may explain the differences in outcomes compared to our study.

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Zhao et al found that garlic significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), but did not significantly affect triglyceride (TG) levels. This partially aligns with our findings, as we also observed a significant reduction in TC but did not find significant changes in TG, LDL-C, or HDL-C.⁴⁵ Possible reasons for the differences with the current results may be due to longer supplementation periods and higher doses of garlic used in their study. Additionally, their study included various populations such as patients with hyperlipidemia, hemodialysis, T2DM, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, and healthy adults, whereas we included only patients with T2DM.

The exact mechanisms by which garlic supplementation influences blood glucose and lipid profiles are not fully understood; however, some hypotheses have been proposed. The hypoglycemic effect of garlic oil is mainly attributed to diallyl trisulfide, a key constituent of garlic. Additionally, Scanga discovered that alliin acts as a substrate for the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1), a cellular membrane transporter that interacts with alliin and plays a significant role in human metabolism, diabetes, and cancer.⁴⁶ Alliin also influenced the composition of intestinal microbes, generally decreasing Lachnospiraceae and increasing Ruminococcaceae in mice with diet-induced obesity. Therefore, Liu et al inferred that garlic plays a nutritional or therapeutic role in diabetes prevention.⁴⁷ In another study, Parham et al described a herbal medicine containing garlic that has the potential to enhance insulin secretion, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce insulin resistance.^48,49

One of the primary functions of garlic-derived products is cardiovascular protection, as evidenced by their various beneficial effects. Numerous studies have highlighted the essential role of organosulfur compounds (OSCs) in garlic in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). OSCs exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet aggregation, and antithrombotic effects, which can effectively contribute to the prevention of CVDs.⁵⁰ Research suggests that molecular docking studies have revealed the potential of organosulfur compounds found in garlic, including Alliin, Allicin, Eajoene, and Z-ajoene, as inhibitors of FAS (fatty acid synthase).⁵¹ FAS, a protein primarily associated with lipid synthesis for energy storage in the liver, has recently been identified as playing a role in signaling processes, including the activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPARα).⁵² The activation of PPARα triggers an adaptive response, facilitating the transcription of genes responsible for fatty acid uptake and catabolism. Therefore, garlic consumption may be beneficial for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.⁵⁰

The combination of alliin with standard antidiabetic drugs such as glibenclamide and insulin demonstrates moderate efficacy in managing hyperglycemia.⁵³ Black solo garlic extract significantly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin 1 beta, Interleukin 6, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha) while increasing Interferon gamma levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, outperforming glibenclamide.⁴⁶ Allium species contribute to diabetes treatment by upregulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 gene expression.⁵⁴ Alliin also modulates gut microbiota, decreasing Lachnospiraceae and increasing Ruminococcaceae, which supports its therapeutic role in diabetes prevention.⁵⁵ Allicin acts as a transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 agonist, and when combined with a high-fat diet, it helps prevent Glucagon-like peptide-1dysregulation and maintains glucose homeostasis.⁵⁶ The hypoglycemic effects of garlic are attributed to sulfur-containing compounds such as allylpropyl disulfide and diallyl disulfide, which influence purine metabolism.^57
-59 Additionally, treatment with garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide enhances glucose-to-glycogen conversion.^57,60 The blood glucose-regulating effects of garlic are also linked to its sulfur compounds and flavonoids.⁶¹ Furthermore, garlic may prevent the rise of corticosterone and adrenal hypertrophy, thereby mitigating hyperglycemia in diabetic models.⁶²

This systematic review and meta-analysis is among the first studies to investigate the effects of garlic in conjunction with blood glucose-lowering medications in patients with diabetes, evaluating the synergistic impact of garlic supplementation alongside conventional antidiabetic drugs, and providing novel insights into holistic diabetes management. Furthermore, according to the results of subgroup analysis, this study may offer improved recommendations for the clinical management of T2DM.

There are several limitations to the current systematic review and meta-analysis that must be considered when interpreting the final results. First, the inclusion of only 8 studies may introduce a degree of selection bias, which may limit the generalizability of our findings across different populations and clinical settings. Garlic dosage varied widely among the included trials, ranging from low to high amounts, which could influence bioavailability and physiological responses and consequently contribute to inconsistent outcomes. Intervention duration also differed substantially; shorter trials may not fully capture the long-term metabolic effects of garlic supplementation, whereas longer studies may demonstrate more pronounced benefits but are more susceptible to adherence issues.

Furthermore, participant characteristics such as age, baseline metabolic status, comorbidities, lifestyle behaviors, and genetic factors play an important role in shaping individual metabolic responses and may partly explain differences in reported effects. Different forms of garlic supplementation, each with distinct bioavailability profiles, were also used across studies, potentially affecting the final outcomes. In addition, most included studies had relatively low methodological quality, increasing the risk of bias. Some trials lacked detailed information regarding participants’ dietary intake, which could significantly influence glycemic and lipid outcomes in patients with T2DM. These variations collectively underscore the need for more standardized protocols in future trials.

Beyond these limitations, the substantial heterogeneity observed in our meta-analysis further highlights the methodological inconsistency across studies. One important source of variability was the difference in study designs and blinding procedures, as trials ranged from randomized single-blind to randomized double-blind designs. Inadequate blinding and insufficient randomization may influence outcome assessment, thereby affecting effect size estimates. Additionally, variations in concomitant medications, including the use of metformin, sulfonylureas, or statins alongside garlic, complicate the interpretation of garlic’s independent effects and may contribute to heterogeneity. Differences in population characteristics and wide variability in intervention duration from 4 to 24 weeks, also play a role. Together, these methodological and clinical differences explain much of the observed heterogeneity. Although subgroup analyses were conducted to address some sources of variability, residual heterogeneity remained. Future research would benefit from more rigorous trial designs, standardized garlic formulations and dosing regimens, and consistent outcome reporting to reduce heterogeneity and strengthen pooled estimates.

In conclusion, our findings suggest that garlic supplementation has beneficial effects on FBS, HbA1c, and TC in patients with T2DM. Also, when garlic is used alongside oral antidiabetic agents, it can reduce LDL-C in patients with T2DM compared to using garlic alone. However, further randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the results of the current systematic review and meta-analysis.

Supplemental Material

sj-docx-1-nmi-10.1177_11786388251413660 – Supplemental material for The Therapeutic Effect of Garlic Supplements on the Metabolic Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-nmi-10.1177_11786388251413660 for The Therapeutic Effect of Garlic Supplements on the Metabolic Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Anahita Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Safargar, Milad Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi, Faezeh Nematolahi, Mahsa Samadani, Laya Saeid, Abbas Mohtashamian, Mohammad Ali Izadi, Armin Ebrahimzadeh and Ali Reza Safarpour in Nutrition and Metabolic Insights

Footnotes

ORCID iD

Armin Ebrahimzadeh

Author Contributions

Armin Ebrahimzadeh, Ali Reza Safarpour and Anahita Ebrahimzadeh conceived and designed the study. Anahita Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Safargar, Milad Rajabzadeh-Dehkordi, Faezeh Nematolahi, Mahsa Samadani, Laya Saeid, Abbas Mohtashamian, Mohammad Ali Izadi and Armin Ebrahimzadeh performed the data collection. Armin Ebrahimzadeh and Anahita Ebrahimzadeh conducted the data analysis and interpretation of data. Armin Ebrahimzadeh, Mohammad Safargar and Mahsa Samadani drafted manuscript. Armin Ebrahimzadeh, Ali Reza Safarpour and Anahita Ebrahimzadeh conducted a review of the manuscript and finalized the manuscript.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data is provided within the manuscript.

Registration and Protocol

The protocol of our study was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42024628780).

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Forouhi

Wareham

NJ.

Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine. 2014;42(12):698-702.

Esser

Utzschneider

Kahn

SE.

Early beta cell dysfunction vs insulin hypersecretion as the primary event in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2007-2021.

Asif

The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle and dietary pattern. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3(1):1.

Vieira

Souto

Sánchez-López

, et al Sugar-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome-review of classical and new Compounds: part-I. Pharmaceuticals. 2019;12(4):152.

Susilawati

Levita

Susilawati

Sumiwi

SA.

Review of the case reports on metformin, sulfonylurea, and thiazolidinedione therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Med Sci. 2023;11(3):50.

Dai

Luo

Zhai

Zhao

Huang

Adverse drug events associated with low-dose (10 mg) versus high-dose (25 mg) empagliflozin in patients treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Ther. 2018;9:753-770.

Allen

Schwartzman

Baker

Coleman

Phung

OJ.

Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2013;11(5):452-459.

Ebrahimzadeh

Mohseni

Safargar

, et al Curcumin effects on glycaemic indices, lipid profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers and anthropometric measurements of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2024;80:103025.

Ebrahimzadeh

Mirghazanfari

Hazrati

Hadi

Milajerdi

The effect of ginger supplementation on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2022;65:102802.

10.

Kim

Noh

Kim

Choi

Kim

YS.

The effect of fenugreek in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(18):13999.

11.

Musazadeh

Nezamoleslami

Faghfouri

Shidfar

Aryaeian

The effect of flaxseed supplementation on anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and lipid profile in diabetic patients: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2025;19(5):103241.

12.

Musazadeh

Hamidi

Noormohammadi

Shidfar

The effect of Berberis (Vulgaris and integerrima) on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and grade assessment. Curr Ther Res. 2025;102:100788.

13.

Agarwal

KC.

Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med Res Rev. 1996;16(1):111-124.

14.

Thomson

Al-Qattan

Ali

Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant potential of aged garlic extract (AGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:17-19.

15.

Pérez-Rubio

Méndez-Del Villar

Cortez-Navarrete

The role of garlic in metabolic diseases: a review. J Med Food. 2022;25(7):683-694.

16.

Padiya

K Banerjee

Garlic as an anti-diabetic agent: recent progress and patent reviews. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2013;5(2):105-127.

17.

Padiya

Khatua

Bagul

Kuncha

Banerjee

SK.

Garlic improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic syndromes in fructose fed rats. Nutr Metab. 2011;8(1):53-58.

18.

Saravanan

Ponmurugan

Beneficial effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on blood glucose and pancreatic antioxidant system in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010;65:374-378.

19.

Hattori

Yamada

Nishikawa

Fukuda

Fujino

Antidiabetic effects of ajoene in genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2005;51(5):382-384.

20.

Mahesar

Bhutto

Khand

Narejo

Garlic used as an alternative medicine to control diabetic mellitus in alloxan-induced male rabbits. Pak J Physiol. 2010;6(1):39-41.

21.

Eidi

Esmaeili

Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(9-10):624-629.

22.

Afkhami-Ardekani

Kamali-Ardekani

Shojaoddiny-Ardekani

Effects of garlic on serum lipids and blood glucose of type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Diab Dev Ctries. 2006;26(2):86-88.

23.

Faroughi

Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi

Javadzadeh

Mirghafourvand

Effects of garlic pill on blood glucose level in borderline gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2018;20:1-9.

24.

Sun

Wang

Qin

Anti-hyperlipidemia of garlic by reducing the level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein: a meta-analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(18):e0255.

25.

Arain

Phull

Memon

Effects of S-allyl cysteine on insulin secretion: a proposed mechanism for its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2018;6:6.

26.

Yun

Wang

Gao

Roles and mechanisms of garlic and its extracts on atherosclerosis: a review. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:13-2022.

27.

Shaikh

Kinninger

Cherukuri

, et al Aged garlic extract reduces low attenuation plaque in coronary arteries of patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(2):1457-1461.

28.

Thomson

Al-Qattan

Bordia

Ali

Including garlic in the diet may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. J Nutr. Mar. 2006;136(3):800s-802s.

29.

Shabani

Sayemiri

Mohammadpour

The effect of garlic on lipid profile and glucose parameters in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):28-42.

30.

Sobenin

Nedosugova

Filatova

Balabolkin

Gorchakova

Orekhov

AN.

Metabolic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the results of double-blinded placebo-controlled study. Acta Diabetol. 2008;45(1):1-6.

31.

Kumar

Chhatwal

Arora

, et al Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminase- lowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:49-56.

32.

Higgins

Chandler

Cumpston

Page

Welch

VA.

(editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (Updated August 2024). Cochrane 2024.

33.

Begg

Mazumdar

Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088.

34.

Sinha

Ghosal

A target HbA1c between 7 and 7.7% reduces microvascular and macrovascular events in T2D regardless of duration of diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(6):1661-1676.

35.

Kunutsor

Balasubramanian

Zaccardi

, et al Glycaemic control and macrovascular and microvascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials investigating intensive glucose-lowering strategies in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(6):2069-2081.

36.

Wang

Zhang

Lan

Wang

Effect of garlic supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1377571.

37.

Ashraf

Khan

Ashraf

Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2011;24(4):565-570.

38.

Khan

Effects of garlic on blood glucose levels and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Plant Res. 2011;5:2922-2928.

39.

Manafikhi

Kalie

Lahdo

Effects of garlic supplementation on fasting blood sugar, HbA1c and lipid profile in type 2 diabetics receiving metformin and glyburide. Int J Acad Scientific Res. 2015;3(5):11-18.

40.

Emami

Rouhani

Azadbakht

The effect of garlic intake on glycemic control in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Nutr. 2017;19(1-S):10-18.

41.

Little

Rohlfing

Sacks

DB.

The National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program: over 20 years of improving hemoglobin A(1c) measurement. Clin Chem. 2019;65(7):839-848.

42.

Silverman

Ference

, et al Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289-1297.

43.

Marston

Giugliano

, et al Association between triglyceride lowering and reduction of cardiovascular risk across multiple lipid-lowering therapeutic classes: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2019;140(16):1308-1317.

44.

Najafi

Masoumi

SJ.

The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Int J Nutr Sci. 2018;3(1):7-11.

45.

Zhao

Cheng

Xia

Yang

Wang

Effects of garlic on glucose parameters and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Nutr. 2024;16(11):1692.

46.

Nani

Proverawati

A Sarmoko

,. Immunomodulatory effects of black solo garlic (Allium sativum L.) On streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Heliyon. 2021;7(12):e08493.

47.

Liu

Wong

Lii

Hse

Sheen

LY.

Antidiabetic effect of garlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(8):1377-1384.

48.

Parham

Bagherzadeh

Asghari

et al. Evaluating the eﬀect of a herb on the control of blood glucose and insulin‑resistance in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes (a double‑blind clinical trial). Caspian J Intern Med. 2020;11(1):12.

49.

Gyawali

Vohra

Orme-Johnson

Ramaratnam

Schneider

RH.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of ayurvedic herbal preparations for hypercholesterolemia. Medicinar. 2021;57(6):546.

50.

Solinas

Borén

Dulloo

AG.

De novo lipogenesis in metabolic homeostasis: more friend than foe?

Mol Metab. 2015;4(5):367-377.

51.

Rahayu Lestari

Lukiati

Nur Arifah

Rofiqotun Nurul Alimah

Gofur

. Medicinal uses of single garlic in hyperlipidemia by fatty acid synthase enzyme inhibitory: molecular docking. IOP Conf Ser Earth Sci. 2019;276:012008.

52.

Jensen-Urstad

Semenkovich

CF.

Fatty acid synthase and liver triglyceride metabolism: housekeeper or messenger?

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821(5):747-753.

53.

Sheela

Kumud

Augusti

KT.

Anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. Planta Med. 1995;61(4):356-357.

54.

Takim

Yigin

Koyuncu

Kaya

Gülçin

İ.

Anticancer, anticholinesterase and antidiabetic activities of tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum): determining its phytochemical content by LC–MS/MS analysis. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15(4):3323-3335.

55.

Zhai

Zhang

Sheng

, et al Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) in DIO mice. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3527.

56.

Khare

Mahajan

Singh

, et al Allicin, a dietary trpa1 agonist, prevents high fat diet-induced dysregulation of gut hormones and associated complications. Food Funct. 2021;12(22):11526-11536.

57.

Liu

C-T

Hse

Lii

C-K

Chen

P-S

Sheen

L-Y.

Effects of garlic oil and diallyl trisulfide on glycemic control in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;516(2):165-173.

58.

Goudappala

Gowda

CVY

Kashinath

RT.

Diallyl disulfide regulates purine metabolism and their metabolites in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;65(1):28-34.

59.

Sujithra

Srinivasan

Indumathi

Vinothkumar

Allyl methyl sulfide, an organosulfur compound alleviates hyperglycemia mediated hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin - induced experimental rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:292-302.

60.

Goudappala

Sukumar

Kashinath

Influence of diallyl disulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis suppression by CREB binding protein phosphorylation. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2019;10:1327-1331.

61.

Swanston-Flatt

Day

Bailey

Flatt

PR.

Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia. 1990;33(8):462-464.

62.

Kasuga

Ushijima

Morihara

Itakura

Nakata

Effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on hyperglycemia induced by immobilization stress in mice. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1999;114(3):191-197.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.01 MB