Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The molecular classification for breast carcinomas has been used in clinical studies with a simple surrogate panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. The objective of this current project was to study the molecular classification of commonly used breast cancer cell lines by IHC analysis. Seventeen breast cancer cell lines were harvested, fixed in formalin and made into cell blocks. IHC analyses were performed on each cell block with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, EGFR, CK5/6, Ki-67 and androgen receptor (AR). Among the 17 cell lines, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 fell to Luminal A subtype; BT-474 to Luminal B subtype; SKBR-3, MDA-MD-435 and AU 565 to HER2 over-expression subtype; MDA-MB-231, MCF-12A, HBL 101, HS 598 T, MCF-10A, MCF-10F, BT-20, 468 and BT-483 to basal subtype. MDA-MB-453 belonged to Unclassified subtype. Since each subtype defined by this IHC-based molecular classification does show a distinct clinical outcome, attention should be paid when choosing a cell line for any study.

Keywords

molecular classification breast cancer cell lines immunohistochemistry

Introduction

Breast cancer encompasses a group of very heterogeneous diseases, which can be demonstrated at the molecular, histopathologic and clinical levels.¹ The heterogeneity at the molecular level has been demonstrated by reproducible differences in the frequencies and magnitudes of genomic aberrations and by differential gene expression among breast carcinomas, even those with similar histology.^2,3 Studies on whole-genome analysis using expression microarray have revolutionized our understanding of breast carcinomas, which has led to the discovery of 5 distinct subtypes of breast carcinomas (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 over-expression, Basal-like, Normal-like), each with unique recognizable phenotypes and clinical outcomes.^4–8 Subsequent studies have shown that breast carcinomas can also be divided into 5 similar subgroups using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis as a surrogate with a limited panel of antibody markers (including ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6 and EGFR).^9,10 These subgroups have distinguishing features closely associated with subtypes defined by gene expression profiling, including distinct clinical outcomes, different responses to adjuvant therapy and different patterns of metastatic recurrence.^11–14 Although molecular classification has been mainly used in clinical and translational research, many have suggested it may have utility in routine clinical practice in guiding individualized management for breast cancer patients.^15–17

Breast cancer cell lines have been used extensively in basic research and have provided valuable insight into many aspects of breast cancer biology. Cell lines are one of the most critical components in studying tumor carcinogenesis,^18,19 signal transduction pathways,^20,21 and new therapeutic targets for breast carcinoma.^22–24 However, a cell line chosen for a particular study is largely based on its unique biologic features and its availability, and often its ER, PR and HER2 status may not be known. If breast cancer represents a heterogeneous group of diseases, then cell lines derived from different patient's tumors should reflect this biologic diversity. The objective of the current project is to investigate the expression patterns of the clinically most critical molecules for breast cancer (ER, PR HER2, Ki-67, CK5/6, EGFR and AR)¹⁴ by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis in 17 commonly used cell lines and with this information determine the molecular classification of each cell line.

Methods

Seventeen commonly used breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SKBR-3, MDA-MB-231-UR, MCF-12A, HBL101, MDA-MD-435, MCF-7, HS598T, MCF-10A, BT-20, MCF10F, 468, AU 565, ZR-75-1, BT-483, BT-474, and MDA-MB-453) were cultured in appropriate medium (Table 2), harvested by cell scraper before reaching confluence, washed twice with PBS, and frozen as cell pellets at –80 °C. Once all cell lines were ready, they were thawed on ice, and fixed in 10% formalin for 16 hours. Each cell line was pelleted and made into a cell block. One H & E stain and 7 IHC stains were subsequently performed for each cell line. Pretreatments consisted of enzyme digestion, or other heat mediated retrieval methods. Sections were stained on a Dako Autostainer using either a Envision Plus–-HRP polymer (Dako, Carpenteria, Ca.) or Horse Anti-Mouse IgG-Biotin (Vector Laboratories, Inc. Burlingame, Ca), Streptavidin-HRP (Jackson Labs) and AEC (Dako, Carpenteria, Ca.), and counterstained in hematoxylin. ER (clones 1D5 and ER-2-123, Dako), PR (clone PgR 1294, Dako) and AR (clone AR441, Dako) were recorded as Allred scores;²⁵ HER2 (HercepTest, Dako) was scored as positive if >30% of tumor cells showed 3+ membrane staining;²⁶ EGFR (EGFR pharmDx, Dako) was designated as positive if any tumor cells showed 1+ positive stain; any strong cytoplasmic stain was considered as positive for CK5/6 (clone D5/16 B4, Dako); and Ki-67 (clone MIB-1, Dako) was scored as % of any intensity nuclear stain. The definition for each molecular subtype was based on the expression of ER, PR, HER2, EGFR and CK5/6 as previously described¹⁷ (Table 1).

Table 1

Definition of each subtype in molecular classification.

	ER and/or PR	HER2 over-expression	EGFR and/or CK5/6
Luminal A subtype	+	–	– or +
Luminal B subtype	+	+	– or +
HER2 subtype	–	+	– or +
Basal like subtype	–	–	+
Unclassified subtype	–	–	–

Table 2

The results of IHC analysis for all breast caner cell lines.

	Source	Culture conditions
MDA-MB-231	ATCC	DMEM/F12 with 10% fetal bovine serum
SKBR-3	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MDA-MB-231-UR	Dr. Guise TA	DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum
MCF-12A	ATCC	1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium, 20 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor, 100 ng/ml cholera toxin, 0.01 mg/ml bovine insulin, 500 ng/ml hydrocortisone and 5% horse serum
HBL101	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MDA-MD-435	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MCF-7	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
HS598T	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MCF-10A	ATCC	The same as MCF-12A
BT-20	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MCF-10F	ATCC	The same as MCF-12A
468	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
AU 565	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
ZR-75-1	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
BT-483	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
BT-474	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231
MDA-MB-453	ATCC	The same as MDA-MB-231

Results (Table 3 and Figs. 1 and 2)

Figure 1

Representative staining results from H&E and IHC for ER, PR, HER2, EGFR, CK5/6, Ki-67 and AR (original magnification 400X). A) H & E stain for HS 598T cell; B) ER for MCF-7; C) PR for BT-474, D) HER2 for SKBR-3, E) EGFR for MDA-MB-231, F) CK5/6 for MCF-10F, G) Ki-67 for MCF-10A, and H) AR for ZR-75-1.

Figure 2

Examples of the subtypes of molecular classification. A-D) MCF-7 for Luminal A subtype with stains for ER, PR, HER2 and EGFR; E-H) BT-474 for Luminal B subtype with stains for ER, PR, HER2 and EGFR; I-L) SKBR-3 for HER2 overexpression subtype with stains for ER, PR, HER2 and EGFR; M-P) MCF-12A for Basal subtype with stains for ER, PR, HER2 and EGFR.

Table 3

The results of IHC analysis for all breast caner cell lines.

	ER	PR	HER2	CK5/6	EGFR	Ki-67	AR	Subtype
MDA-MB-231	0	0	0–1+	–	1+	100%	8	Basal
SKBR-3	0	0	3+	–	2+	20%	8	HER2
MDA-MB-231-UR	0	0	0–1+	–	3+	100%	7	Basal
MCF-12A	0	0	0–1+	+	2+	95%	5	Basal
HBL101	0	0	0–1+	–	1+	90%	4	Basal
MDA-MD-435	0	0	3+	–	0	80%	6	HER2
MCF-7	6	6	0–1+	–	1+	90%	7	Luminal A
HS598T	0	0	0–1+	–	1+	90%	0	Basal
MCF-10A	0	0	0–1+	+	2+	30%	0	Basal
BT-20	0	0	0–1+	–	2+	80%	4	Basal
MCF-10F	0	0	0–1+	+	1+	100%	0	Basal
468	0	0	0	–	3+	95%	8	Basal
AU 565	0	0	3+	–	1+	95%	7	HER2
ZR-75-1	3	4	2+	–	1+	80%	8	Luminal A
BT-483	0	0	0	–	1+	95%	4	Basal
BT-474	0	8	3+	–	1+	70%	7	Luminal B
MDA-MB-453	0	0	0	–	0	80%	8	Unclassfied

Note: For ER, PR and AR, Allred scores were used.; for HER2 and EGFR the scoring system for HER2 was used; for CK5/6, any strong cytoplasmic stain is considered as positive; and for Ki-67, the% of any intensity of nuclear stain was used.

Using the same antibodies, the same experimental conditions, and the same scoring systems that we use for our clinical specimens, we found that two cell lines MCF-7 and ZR-75-I were positive for ER; and three cell lines MCF-7, ZR-75-I and BT-474 were positive for PR. HER2 was found over-expressed in four cell lines. Of these four, SKBR-3, MDA-MD-435, and AU 565 were ER and PR negative, and BT-474 was ER negative and PR positive.

MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 fell within the Luminal A subtype; and BT-474 belonged to Luminal B subtype, which was repeatedly shown to be ER negative, PR positive, HER2 positive, CK5/6 negative and EGFR positive. Three cell lines (SKBR,-3, MDA-MD-435 and AU 565) fell within the HER2 over-expression subtype. Ten cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-UR, MCF-12A, HBL101, HS598T, MCF-10A, BT-20, MCF-10F, 468 and BT-483) belonged to Basal-like subtype due to their negativity for ER, PR and HER2 and positive for EGFR (10/10 cell lines) and/or CK5/6 (3/10 cell lines). MDA-MB-453 belonged to triple negative non-basal (Unclassified) subtype. Only three cell lines (MCF-12A, MCF-10A and MCF-10F) were positive for CK5/6. Of these, all belonged to Basal subtype. All but 2 cell lines were positive for EGFR; one (MDA-MD-435) belonged to HER2 subtype, and the other (MDA-MB-453) belonged to Unclassified subtype.

We found most of the cell lines expressed very high levels of Ki-67, ranging from 20% to 100%. MDA-MB-231 had 100% positive stain for Ki-67. Two cell lines expressed Ki-67 under 50%, SKBR-3 was 20% and MCF-10A was 30%. AR was expressed in 14/17 cell lines, and the three AR negative cell lines (HS598T, MCF-10F, MCF-10A) were also negative for ER and belonged to basal-like subtype.

Discussion

There are many breast cancer cell lines available and used in various studies. Like primary breast carcinomas, these cell lines can be very different from one to another.^27,28 Although breast cancer cell lines have always been a critical tool for most of the basic research, they are rarely studied with methods similar to those that are used for a routine clinical work up for primary breast cancer, such as IHC.

We were surprised to see that only a few cell lines express ER (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) and PR (MCF-7, ZR-75-1, and BT-474) with IHC analysis that is routinely used for primary breast cancer. BT-483, a cell line which was reportedly positive for ER,²⁹ failed to showed a positive ER staining in our study. One explanation for this could be the different experimental methods and conditions. We have confirmed that SKBR-3, AU 565 and BT-474 overexpress HER2,³⁰ and found that another cell line, MDA-MD-435, also over-expresses HER2.

Molecular subtypes, originally identified by gene expression profiling,^4–6 were then confirmed by IHC analysis.^9,10 Numerous studies have shown that Luminal A subtype has better differentiated tumors, is often seen in older patients and has the best prognosis compared to other subtypes; Luminal B subtype has higher expression of proliferation associated genes and a worse prognosis than Luminal A; HER2 subtype is often associated with nodal metastasis; and Basal subtype often occurs in younger patients, is more frequently associated with visceral organ metastasis, and has a poor prognosis.^11–13 Since molecular classification has been shown with important clinical implications for breast cancer patients, it would be important to understand the molecular subtypes of commonly used breast cancer cell lines. Most cell lines in the current study are Basal subtype, which is not surprising, since Basal subtype tumors are more aggressive and poorly differentiated, and thus are more likely to be established as a cell line compared to better differentiated ER positive Luminal subtypes. MDA-MB-231 was obtained from MD Anderson Cancer Center; and MDA-MB-231 UR was a bone specific cell line obtained from University of Rochester (UR, a gift from Dr. Guise TA from university of Indiana), which may explain the different expression level of EGFR. It is important to understand that although IHC-based molecular classification has been used in numerous studies, there is still lack of uniform definition for each subtype, and the definitive role of molecular classification in guiding clinical decision making remains to be confirmed.¹⁷

Besides ER, PR and HER2, Ki-67 has become a very important predictive and prognostic marker for breast cancer.^14,31,32 Using the same conditions and scoring system for IHC analysis used in breast cancer, we found most of the cell lines expressed a very high level of Ki-67, ranging from 20% to 100%. The very aggressive cell line MDA-MB-231³³ had 100% cells positive for Ki-67, and only two cell lines expressed Ki-67 under 50% (SKBR-3 20% and MCF-10A 30%). One explanation for the dramatic difference between cell lines and primary tumors (often under 50%, with most ranging from 2%–40% in our experience) is that these tumor cells were harvested at their growth phase, while only a very small fraction of primary tumor cells would be at the growth phase at any given time.

The results from studies using breast cancer cell lines may not be clinically relevant to the general breast cancer population. The breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) is one of a growing number of genes that have the ability to suppress metastasis without affecting tumorigenicity in experimental in vivo models.³⁴ Transfection of BRM1 into MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 has been shown to significantly decrease the metastatic potential of both cell lines in animal models.³⁵ An examination of BRMS1 in a large clinical cohort of breast cancer cases showed no correlation between loss of BRMS1 expression by IHC and cumulative disease-free survival.³⁶ However when stratified by ER negative, PR negative or HER2 positive subsets of patients, the BRMS1-negative subgroups had significantly reduced disease-free survival compared with BRMS1-positive cases.³⁶ Interestingly, the two cell lines used in the initial cell-line studies of BRMS1 were both ER, PR negative; and MDA-MB-435 was HER2 positive in the current study. These finding highlight the importance of taking the molecular subtype into consideration when attempting to translate findings from breast cancer cell lines into a clinical context.

AR has been shown to be an important prognostic marker, and associated with better prognosis.^37,38 AR may also be used as a therapeutic target, especially in ER negative breast cancer.³⁹ We have previously demonstrated the possible role that AR might play during the transition from high grade in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma.⁴⁰ In the current study, we did confirm that MCF-10F is ER negative, but did not confirm that it is AR positive, as it has been previously reported.⁴¹

In conclusion, the clinical and biologic heterogeneity in breast carcinomas revealed by gene expression profiling is also present among the different breast cancer cell lines, and can be detected by IHC analysis. Attention to these differences should be paid when choosing a cell line for any study and attempting to translate in vitro data into a clinical context.

Disclosures

This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. This paper is unique and is not under consideration by any other publication and has not been published elsewhere. The authors and peer reviewers of this paper report no conflicts of interest. The authors confirm that they have permission to reproduce any copyrighted material.

References

Simpson

P.T.

, Reis-Filho

J.S.

, Gale

, Lakhani

S.R.

Molecular evolution of breast cancer.

J Pathol. 2005; 205: 248–54.

Sorlie

Molecular classification of breast tumors: toward improved diagnostics and treatments.

Methods Mol Biol. 2007; 360: 91–114.

Bertucci

, Birnbaum

Reasons for breast cancer heterogeneity.

J Biol. 2008; 7: 6.

Perou

C.M.

, Sorlie

, Eisen

M.B.

. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000; 406: 747–52.

Sorlie

, Perou

C.M.

, Tibshirani

. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001; 98: 10869–74.

Sorlie

, Tibshirani

, Parker

. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003; 100: 8418–23.

van't Veer

L.J.

, Dai

, van de Vijver

M.J.

. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature. 2002; 415: 530–6.

van de Vijver

M.J.

, He

Y.D.

, van't Veer

L.J.

. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1999–2009.

Nielsen

T.O.

, Hsu

F.D.

, Jensen

. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 5367–74.

10.

Livasy

C.A.

, Karaca

, Nanda

. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2006; 19: 264–71.

11.

Carey

L.A.

, Perou

C.M.

, Livasy

C.A.

. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina breast cancer study. JAMA. 2006; 295: 2492–502.

12.

Hicks

D.G.

, Short

S.M.

, Prescott

N.L.

. Breast cancers with brain metastases are more likely to be estrogen receptor negative, express the basal cytokeratin CK5/6, and overexpress HER2 or EGFR. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006; 30: 1097–104.

13.

Spitale

, Mazzola

, Soldini

. Breast cancer classification according to immunohistochemical markers: clinicopathologic features and short-term survival analysis in a population-based study from the south of Switzerland. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20: 628–35.

14.

Cheang

M.C.U.

, Chia

S.K.

, Voduc

. Ki67 index, HER2 status, and prognosis of patients with luminal B breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101: 736–50.

15.

Sorlie

Introducing molecular subtyping of breast cancer into the clinic?

J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 1153–4.

16.

Cianfrocca

, Gradishar

New molecular classifications of breast cancer.

CA Cancer J Clin. 2009; 59: 303–13.

17.

Tang

, Skinner

K.A.

, Hicks

D.G.

Molecular classification of breast carcinomas by immunohistochemical analysis, are we ready?

Diagn Mol Pathol. 2009; 18: 125–32.

18.

Peng

, Jordan

V.C.

Expression of estrogen receptor alpha with a Tet-off adenoviral system induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in SKBr3 breast cancer cells.

Int J Oncol. 2010; 36: 451–8.

19.

Martin

F.T.

, Dwyer

R.M.

, Kelly

. Potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the breast tumour microenvironment: stimulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jan 20 [Epub ahead of print].

20.

, Xiao

, Wang

. ERalpha signaling through slug regulates E-cadherin and EMT. Oncogene. 2010; 29: 1451–62. Epub 2010 Jan 18.

21.

Tulchin

, Chambon

, Juan

. BRCA1 protein and nucleolin colocalize in breast carcinoma tissue and cancer cell lines. Am J Pathol. 2010; 176: 1203–14. Epub 2010 Jan 14.

22.

Gökmen-Polar

, Mehta

, Tuzmen

. Differential subcellular expression of protein kinase C betaII in breast cancer: correlation with breast cancer subtypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jan 23 [Epub ahead of print].

23.

Bonelli

M.A.

, Fumarola

, Alfieri

R.R.

. Synergistic activity of letrozole and sorafenib on breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jan 7 [Epub ahead of print].

24.

Pietkiewicz

, Zielinska

, Saczko

. New approach to hydrophobic cyanine-type photosensitizer delivery using polymeric oil-cored nanocarriers: hemolytic activity, in vitro cytotoxicity and localization in cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010: 39: 322–35. Epub 2010 Jan 7.

25.

Harvey

, Clark

G.M.

, Osborne

C.K.

, Allred

D.C.

Estrogen receptor status by immunohistochemistry is superior to the ligand-binding assay for predicting response to adjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer.

J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17: 1474–81.

26.

Wolff

A.C.

, Hammond

M.E.

, Schwartz

J.N.

. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25: 118–45.

27.

Chhieng

D.C.

, Frost

A.R.

, Niwas

. Intratumor heterogeneity of biomarker expression in breast carcinomas. Biotech Histochem. 2004; 79: 25–36.

28.

Schobesberger

, Baltzer

, Oberli

. Gene expression variation between distinct areas of breast cancer measured from paraffin-embedded tissue cores. BMA Cancer. 2008; 8: 343.

29.

Liu

, Loo

W.T.Y.

, Sze

S.C.W.

, Tong

Curcumin inhibits cell proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and BT-483 breast cancer cells mediated by down-regulation of NFkB, cyclin D and MMP-1 transcription.

Phytomedicine. 2009; 16: 916–22.

30.

Steffen

A.C.

, Gostring

, Tolmachev

. Differences in radiosensitivity between three HER2 overexpressing cell lines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008; 35: 1179–91.

31.

Paik

, Shak

, Tang

. A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 2817–26.

32.

Ahlin

, Aaltonen

, Amini

R.M.

. Ki-67 and cyclin A as prognostic factors in early breast cancer. What are the optimal cut-off values? Histopathology. 2007; 51: 491–8.

33.

Ogata

, Sato

, Takatsuka

, de Luca

L.M.

Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells fail to express the neurofibromin protein, lack its type I mRNA isoform and show accumulation of P-MARK and activated Ras.

Cancer Lett. 2001; 172: 159–64.

34.

Shevde

L.A.

, Welch

D.R.

Metastasis suppressor pathways—an evolving paradigm.

Cancer Lett. 2003; 198: 1–20.

35.

Meehan

W.J.

, Welch

D.R.

Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1: update.

Clin Exp Metastasis. 2003; 20: 45–50.

36.

Hicks

D.G.

, Yoder

B.J.

, Short

. Loss of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 protein expression predicts reduced disease-free survival in subsets of breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12: 6702–8.

37.

Schippinger

, Regitnig

, Dandachi

. Evaluation of the prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in metastatic breast cancer. Virchows Arch. 2006; 449: 24–30.

38.

Rakha

E.A.

, El-Sayed

M.E.

, Green

A.R.

, Lee

A.H.S.

, Robertson

J.F.

, Ellis

I.O.

Prognostic markers in triple negative breast cancer.

Cancer. 2007; 109: 25–32.

39.

Moinfar

, Okcu

, Tsybrovskyy

. Androgen receptors frequently are expressed in breast carcinomas. Potential relevance to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer. 2003; 98: 703–11.

40.

Hanley

, Wang

, Bourne

. Lack of expression of androgen receptor may play a critical role in transformation from in situ to invasive basal subtype of high-grade ductal carcinoma of the breast. Hum Pathol. 2008; 39: 386–92.

41.

, Zahid

, Wang

. Resveratrol prevents estrogen-DNA adduct formation and neoplastic transformation in MCF-10F cells. Cancer Prev Res. 2008; 1: 135–45.

The Expression Patterns of ER,PR,HER2,CK5/6,EGFR,Ki-67 and AR by Immunohistochemical Analysis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Results (Table 3 and Figs. 1 and 2)

Discussion

Disclosures

References