Effect of Virtual Reality Glasses Application on Pain,Anxiety,and Patient Satisfaction During a Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online October, 2024
Effect of Virtual Reality Glasses Application on Pain,Anxiety,and Patient Satisfaction During a Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aims to determine the effect of virtual reality glasses application on pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction during a transrectal prostate biopsy.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted with pre-tests, post-tests, and a control group, using a randomized controlled experimental research design. A total of 70 patients (35 in the intervention group and 35 in the control group) were included in the study. The intervention group watched a video with virtual reality glasses during the biopsy process. A Descriptive Information Form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I, STAI-II), Scale of Patient Perception of Hospital Experience with Nursing Care (PPHEN), and Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS) were used for data collection. To evaluate the data, numbers, percentages, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, paired sample t test, independent samples t test, regression analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha Reliability Coefficient were used.
Results
There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of descriptive and clinical characteristics (p > .05). The mean VAS and STAI post-test scores of the patients in the intervention group were lower than the control group, and the difference between them was statistically significant (p < .05). The mean PPHEN post-test scores of the patients in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < .05).
Conclusion
The application of virtual reality glasses during a transrectal prostate biopsy significantly reduced the level of pain and anxiety and increased patient satisfaction.
AhmadM. M.DardasL. A.AhmadH. (2015). Cancer prevention and care: A national sample from Jordan. Journal of cancer education: the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education, 30(2), 301–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0698-7
2.
AkyolI.AteşF.AdayenerC.BaykalK.İşeriC. (2008). The effect of patient age, prostate volume, number of biopsy cores and duration of anesthesia on pain score in TRUS-guided prostate biopsies. Turkish Journal of Urology, 34(1), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S297703
3.
AlshatratS. M.AlotaibiR.SiroisM.MalkawiZ. (2019). The use of immersive virtual reality for pain control during periodontal scaling and root planing procedures in dental hygiene clinic. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 17(1), 71–76, https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12366
4.
AtesF.DursunF.MalkocE.YılmazO.SoydanH.SenH.BasalS.ZekeyF.KarademirK. (2016). Comparison of two different doses of lidocaine on the pain sensation during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Turkish Journal of Urology, 42(3), 145, 149, https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2016.38107
5.
AvcıA.TahmazL.OzgökA.YagcıS.OzgokY. (2003). The effect of local anesthesia (intrarectal lidocaine gel) applied in 12 quadrant prostate biopsy performed with transrectal ultrasonography on patient comfort. Turkish Journal of Urology, 29(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.14744/SEMB.2023.33269
6.
BasakT.DumanS.DemirtasA. (2020). Distraction‐based relief of pain associated with peripheral intravenous catheterisation in adults: Distraction-based relief of pain associated with peripheral intravenous catheterisation in adults: a randomised controlled trial randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(5-6), 770–777, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15131
7.
BedirS.KilcilerM. (2011). Complications of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Türk Üroloji Seminerleri/Turkish Urology Seminars, 2(8), 218–222. https://doi.org/10.5152/tus.2011.43
8.
BekelisK.CalnanD.SimmonsN.MacKenzieT. A.KakoulidesG. (2017). Effect of an immersive preoperative virtual reality experience on patient reported outcomes: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Surgery, 265(6), 1068–1073. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002094
9.
BodakciM. N.BozkurtY.AtarM.HatipogluN. K.PenbegulN.SoylemezH.SancaktutarA. A.YıldırımK.BuyükbayramH. (2012). The results of transrectal prostate biopsy in patients with low levels of prostate specific antigen. Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi, 39(2), 238–241, https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2012.02.0134
10.
BrayF.FerlayJ.SoerjomataramI.SiegelR. L.TorreL. A.JemalA.JemalA. (2018). Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(6), 394–424, https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
11.
CarlssonS.AusG.WessmanC.HugossonJ. (2007). Anxiety associated with prostate cancer screening with special reference to men with a positive screening test (elevated PSA)–Results from a prospective, population-based, randomised study. European Journal of Cancer, 43(14), 2109–2116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.06.002
12.
ChanP. Y.ScharfS. (2017). Virtual reality as an adjunctive nonpharmacological sedative during orthopedic surgery under regional anesthesia: Virtual Reality as an Adjunctive Nonpharmacological Sedative During Orthopedic Surgery Under Regional Anesthesia: A Pilot and Feasibility Study pilot and feasibility study. Anesthesia Anesthesia and analgesia Analgesia, 125(4), 1200–1202, https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002169
13.
ChoS. W.ChoiH. J. (2016). Effect of music on reducing anxiety for patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies: Effect of Music on Reducing Anxiety for Patients Undergoing Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsies: Randomized Prospective Trialandomized prospective trial. Urology Journal, 13(2), 2612–2614.
14.
CohenJ. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
15.
ColakS.VuralF.BilikO. (2022). Psychosocial Problems Experienced of Patients with Prostate Cancer and Nursing Approaches. Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Hemsirelik Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi, 15(2), 233–239, https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.834041
Dell’AttiL. (2021). Impact of music on anxiety and pain perception among men undergoing prostate biopsy: Impact of music on anxiety and pain perception among men undergoing prostate biopsy: Synthesis of qualitative literatureynthesis of qualitative literature. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 43, 101330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101330
18.
DeoN.KhanK. S.MakJ.AlloteyJ.Gonzalez CarrerasF. J.FusariG.BennJ. (2021). Virtual reality for acute pain in outpatient hysteroscopy: Virtual reality for acute pain in outpatient hysteroscopy: a randomised controlled trial randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 128(1), 87–95, https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16377
19.
DikmenY.YılmazD. (2016). Patient’s perceptions of nursing care-a descriptive study from Turkey. Ann Nurs Pract, 3(3), 1048.
20.
DozierA. M.KitzmanH. J.IngersollG. L.HolmbergS.SchultzA. W. (2001). Development of an instrument to measure patient perception of the quality of nursing care. Research in nursing & health, 24(6), 506–517, https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.10007
21.
ErdoganB.Aytekin OzdemirA. (2021). The Effect of Three Different Methods on Venipuncture Pain and Anxiety in Children: Distraction Cards, Virtual Reality, and Buzzy® (Randomized Controlled Trial). Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 58, Article e54–e62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.01.001
22.
EspinozaM.BanosR. M.Garcia-PalaciosA.CerveraJ. M.EsquerdoG.BarrajonE.BotellaC. (2012). Promotion of emotional wellbeing in oncology inpatients using VR. Studies in health technology and informatics, 181, 53–57.
23.
FowlerF. J.BarryM. J.Walker-CorkeryB.CaubetJ.-F.BatesD. W.LeeJ. M.HauserA.McNaughton-CollinsM. (2006). The impact of a suspicious prostate biopsy on patients’ psychological, socio-behavioral, and medical care outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(7), 715–721, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00464.x
24.
GencH.KorkmazM.AkkurtA. (2022). The effect of virtual reality glasses and stress balls on pain and vital findings during transrectal prostate biopsy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of perianesthesia nursing: official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 37(3), 344–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2021.09.006
25.
GershonJ.ZimandE.PickeringM.RothbaumB. O.HodgesL. (2004). A pilot and feasibility study of virtual reality as a distraction for children with cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Child Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1243–1249, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05
26.
GlowackiD.McElroyS. F.ConnellyL. M.LawsonL. M.BretchesA. M.GardA. R.NewcomerL. R. (2015). Use of Virtual Reality to Distract Effective Pain Management and Improvements in Patients’ Outcomes and Satisfactionrom Pain and Anxiety. Oncology nursing forum, Glowacki, D. (2015). Effective pain management and improvements in patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. Critical Care Nurse, 35(3), 33–41, https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015440
27.
GoldJ. I.MahrerN. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 43(3), 266–275, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx129
28.
GoldmanR. D.BehboudiA. (2021). Virtual reality for intravenous placement in the emergency department—a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Pediatrics, 180(3), 725–731, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03771-9
29.
GultekinM.BoztasG. (2016). Turkey cancer statistics. TR Ministry of Health, Public Health Agency of Turkey, Cancer Control Department.
30.
GuoC.DengH.YangJ. (2015). Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain among patients with hand injury undergoing dressing change. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(1-2), 115–120, https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12626
31.
HoffmanH. G.PattersonD. R.CarrougherG. J. (2000). Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: a controlled study controlled study. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 16(3), 244–250, https://doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200009000-00010
32.
HoffmanH. G.PattersonD. R.MagulaJ.CarrougherG. J.ZeltzerK.DagadakisS.ShararS. R. (2004). Water‐friendly virtual reality pain control during wound care. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(2), 189–195, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10244
33.
InalS.CanbulatN. (2015). Using of distraction methods on procedural pain management of pediatric patients. Güncel Pediatri, 13(2), 116–121, https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.29292
34.
IndovinaP.BaroneD.GalloL.ChiricoA.De PietroG.GiordanoA. (2018). Virtual Reality as a Distraction Intervention to Relieve Pain and Distress During Medical Procedures: A Comprehensive Literature Review. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 34(9), 858–877, https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000599
35.
Ipek CobanG.KasikciM. (2010). Reliability and validity of the scale of patient perception of hospital experience with nursing care in a Turkish population. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(13‐14), 1929–1934, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03125.x
36.
JahaniShoorabN.Ebrahimzadeh ZagamiS.NahviA.MazluomS. R.GolmakaniN.TalebiM.PabarjaF. (2015). The effect of virtual reality on pain in primiparity women during episiotomy repair: The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain in Primiparity Women during Episiotomy Repair: A Randomize Clinical Trial randomize clinical trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 40(3), 219–224.
37.
JungJ. S.MoonH. N.KimJ. I.BaeS. R.HanC. H.ParkB. H. (2021). The effect of heated lidocaine gel on pain reduction during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: The effect of heated lidocaine gel on pain reduction during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: a randomized-controlled study randomized-controlled study. International Urology and Nephrology, 53(12), 2437–2443, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-03006-2
38.
KarA.KandemirA.YılmazA.AkcaN. (2018). sağlik hizmetleri kalitesinin hasta perspektifi ile değerlendirilmesi: bir üniversite hastanesi uygulamasI. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(22), 4219–4228, https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.870
39.
KarahanF. S.HamartaE. (2019). The effect of chronic diseases and polypharmacy on death anxiety and anxiety in geriatric patients. Aegean Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 8–13.
40.
KaramanD.TasdemirN. (2021). The effect of using virtual reality during breast biopsy on pain and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of perianesthesia nursing: official journal of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, 36(6), 702–705, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2021.04.007
41.
KayaM. D. (2016). Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy and nursing approach. Aydın Journal of Health, 2(2), 1–11.
42.
KılıcM.OztuncG. (2012). Methods used in pain control and the role of the nurse. Fırat J Health Serv, 7, 35–51.
43.
KucurM.GoktasS.KaynarM.ApiliogullariS.KilicO.AkandM.GulM.CelikJ. B. (2015). Selective low-dose spinal anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy: Selective Low-Dose Spinal Anesthesia for Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Prospective and Randomized Study prospective and randomized study. Journal of Endourology, 29(12), 1412–1417, https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2015.0450
44.
KurtulusF.FazlıogluA.EvirgenM.CakırogluB.GokırmakG.CekM. (2003). Comparison of pain and complications of 6 to 10 core biopsies guided by transrectal ultrasound. Turkish Journal of Urology, 29(4), 398–402.
45.
LeeC.WooH. H. (2014). Current methods of analgesia for transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy–a systematic review. BJU International, 113(Suppl 2), 48–56, https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12433
46.
LeeM. S.MoonM. H.KimC. K.ParkS. Y.ChoiM. H.JungS. I.Korean Society of Urogenital Radiology KSUR. (2020). Guidelines for transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy: Korean society of urogenital radiology consensus statement for patient preparation, standard technique, and biopsy-related pain management. Korean Journal of Radiology, 21(4), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2019.0576
47.
LiA.MontanoZ.ChenV. J.GoldJ. I. (2011). Virtual reality and pain management: Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directionsurrent trends and future directions. Pain Management, 1(2), 147–157, https://doi.org/10.2217/pmt.10.15
48.
Lopez-ValverdeN.Muriel FernándezJ.Lopez-ValverdeA.Valero JuanL. F.RamirezJ. M.Flores FraileJ.Herrero PayoJ.Blanco AntonaL. A.Macedo de SousaB.BravoM. (2020). Use of virtual reality for the management of anxiety and pain in dental treatments: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1025, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041025
49.
MoskaliukJ.KimmerleJ.CressU. (2010). Virtual reality 2.0 and its application in knowledge building. In Handbook of research on Web 2.0, 3.0, and X. 0: Technologies, business, and social applications (pp. 573–592). IGI Global.
50.
Mosso-VázquezJ. L.GaoK.WiederholdB. K.WiederholdM. D. (2014). Virtual reality for pain management in cardiac surgery. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(6), 371–378, https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0198
51.
NohD. H.ChoM. C.ParkH. K.LeeH. W.LeeK. S. (2010). The effects of combination perianal-intrarectal lidocaine-prilocaine cream and periprostatic nerve block for pain control during transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: A randomized, controlled trial. Korean Journal of Urology, 51(7), 463–466, https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2010.51.7.463
52.
SonnebornO.WilliamsA.MscMedA. W. (2020). How does the revised definition of pain impact nursing practice?Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 33(4), Article E25–E28, https://doi.org/10.26550/2209-1092.1104
53.
OnerN. (2006). Türkiye’de kullanılan psikolojik testlerden örnekler. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
OzgülU.GunayU. (2020). Knowledge and practices of nurses working in surgical clinics on complementary and alternative methods for common post-operative symptoms. YOBU Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(1), 1–10.
56.
ÖzverenH. (2011). Non-pharmacological methods at pain management. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal, 18(1), 83–92.
57.
PiskorzJ.CzubM. (2018). Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 23(1), Article e12201, https://doi.org/10.1111/jspn.12201
58.
PriceD. D.McGrathP. A.RafiiA.BuckinghamB. (1983). The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain, 17(1), 45–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4
59.
SaracogluT.UnsalA.TaskınF.SevincokL.KaramanC. Z. (2012). The impact of pre-procedural waiting period and anxiety level on pain perception in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey), 18(2), 195–199, https://doi.org/10.4261/1305-3825.DIR.4643-11.1
60.
SefikE.EkerA.BasmaciI.CelikS.GunlusoyB.CeylanY.KoskdereliogluA.YarimogluS.BozkurtI. H.DegirmenciT. (2019). Evaluation of anxiety and depression in patients recommended for re-biopsy after primary prostate biopsy. Medical Journal of Izmir Hospital Turkey, 23(2), 155–160.
61.
SendirM.BuyukyılmazF.YazganI.BakanN.MutluA.TekinF. (2012). Evaluation of orthopedics and traumatology patients' experience and satisfaction with nursing care. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 20(1), 35–42.
62.
ShergillI.BahlK.FarjadM.PhippsC.FowlisG. (2010). Patient information leaflets for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: Results of north thames deanery survey. BMC Research Notes, 3(1), 24–27, https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-27
63.
SonmezG.BaydilliN.TombulŞ. T.GulerG.DemirtasA. (2019). Comparison of lidocaine and prilocaine efficiencies in periprostatic nerve block for transrectal prostate biopsy: Comparison of Lidocaine and Prilocaine Efficiencies in Periprostatic Nerve Block for Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Randomized Prospective Study randomized prospective study. The Bulletin of Urooncology, 18, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4274/uob.galenos.2018.1096
64.
TashjianV. C.MosadeghiS.HowardA. R.LopezM.DupuyT.ReidM.MartinezB.AhmedS.DaileyF.RobbinsK. (2017). Virtual reality for management of pain in hospitalized patients: Results of a controlled trial. JMIR mental health, 4(1), Article e7387. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7387
65.
TrinhL. N.FortierM. A.KainZ. N. (2019). Primer on adult patient satisfaction in perioperative settings. Perioperative Medicine, 8(1), 11–13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13741-019-0122-2
66.
TufekI.AkpinarH.AtugF.ObekC.EsenH. E.KeskinM. S.KuralA. R. (2012). The impact of local anesthetic volume and concentration on pain during prostate biopsy: The impact of local anesthetic volume and concentration on pain during prostate biopsy: a prospective randomized trial prospective randomized trial. Journal of Endourology, 26(2), 174–177, https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2011.0344
67.
VazquezJ.WiederholdB.MillerI.WiederholdM. (2017). Virtual reality assisted anaesthesia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Report of 115 cases. Europa Medica J, 1(1), 75.
68.
WalkerM. R.KallingalG. J.MusserJ. E.FolenR.StetzM. C.ClarkJ. Y. (2014). Treatment efficacy of virtual reality distraction in the reduction of pain and anxiety during cystoscopy. Military Medicine, 179(8), 891–896, https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00343
69.
WongC. L.LuiM. M. W.ChoiK. C. (2019). Effects of immersive virtual reality intervention on pain and anxiety among pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3443-z
70.
YukselO. H.YıldırımC.UrkmezA.AkanS.SahinA. (2017). The role of Glasgow prognostic score in predicting transrectal prostate biopsy results. Haydarpaşa Numune Medical Journal, 57(1), 28–34.
71.
ZaimH.TarımM. (2011). Patient satisfaction: A field study on public hospitals. Journal of Social Policy Conferences.
72.
ZhangY.ZhouJ.TaiS.ZhangK.LiangC. (2016). Analyses of psychopathological symptoms in patients performing prostate biopsy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 9(12), 23679–23684.
73.
ZoccolilloL.MorelliD.CincottiF.MuzzioliL.GobbettiT.PaolucciS.IosaM. (2015). Video-game based therapy performed by children with cerebral palsy: Video-game based therapy performed by children with cerebral palsy: a cross-over randomized controlled trial and a cross-sectional quantitative measure of physical activity cross-over randomized controlled trial and a cross-sectional quantitative measure of physical activity. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 51(6), 669–676.
