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Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe the abdominal ultrasonographic findings in cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).

Methods

This was a retrospective study performed in an academic veterinary hospital. The diagnosis of FIP was reached on review of history, signalment, clinical presentation, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, peritoneal fluid analysis, cytology and/or histopathology results from abnormal organs, and/or molecular testing (immunohistochemical or FIP coronavirus [FCoV] RT-PCR). Cats with confirmed FIP by molecular testing or with a highly suspicious diagnosis of FIP were included. Abdominal ultrasound examination findings were reviewed.

Results

In total, 25 cats were included. Common clinical signs/pathology findings included hyperglobulinemia (96%), anorexia/hyporexia (80%) and lethargy (56%). Abdominal ultrasound findings included effusion in 88% and lymphadenopathy in 80%. Hepatic changes were noted in 80%, the most common being hepatomegaly (58%) and a hypoechoic liver (48%). Intestinal changes were noted in 68% of cats, characterized by asymmetric wall thickening and/or loss of wall layering, with 52% being ileocecocolic junction and/or colonic in location. Splenic changes were present in 36% of cats, including splenomegaly, mottled parenchyma and hypoechoic nodules. Renal changes were present in 32%, encompassing a hypoechoic subcapsular rim and/or cortical nodules. Mesenteric and peritoneal abnormalities were seen in 28% and 16% of cats, respectively. Most cats (92%) had two or more locations of abdominal abnormalities on ultrasound.

Conclusions and relevance

The present study documents a wider range and distribution of ultrasonographic lesions in cats with FIP than previously reported. The presence of effusion and lymph node, hepatic and/or gastrointestinal tract changes were the most common findings, and most of the cats had a combination of two or more abdominal abnormalities.

Keywords

Ultrasound feline infectious peritonitis abdomen viral diseases

Introduction

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) has a high incidence in multi-cat populations and is most prevalent in young cats.^1
–3 The pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. The FIP coronavirus (FCoV) is a monocyte/macrophage-tropic mutant of the feline enteric coronavirus (FECoV).^4,5 Two clinical manifestations are described; the effusive and non-effusive forms.⁶ FIP is a systemic disease with variable clinical and imaging presentations. Historically considered a fatal disease, recent research has revealed efficacy of new antivirals in FIP treatment, making an early diagnosis even more critical.^7
–12

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the FCoV antigen in affected tissues is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of FIP.⁷ In the absence of a definitive diagnosis, background, clinical signs, routine laboratory tests and molecular analyses can be combined to establish a high index of suspicion of FIP.^7,13

A previous study has described the abdominal ultrasonographic (US) findings in 16 cats with FIP.¹⁴ Cats had abdominal effusion (75%) or abnormalities in the kidneys (69%), lymph nodes (LNs) (56%) and/or liver (37%). In 82% of the cats, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was unremarkable.¹⁴

Our hypothesis was that FIP has a higher prevalence of abdominal lesions, especially in the intestinal tract. The aim of our study was to describe abdominal US lesions in cats with FIP and evaluate features that might support its diagnosis.

Materials and methods

Inclusion criteria

The database of the Foster Animal Hospital for Small Animals between 2013 and 2022 was searched for cats with a confirmed or highly suspicious diagnosis of FIP and that had abdominal US performed within 7 days of admission. Historical and clinicopathologic information was recorded, including sex, age, breed, presenting clinical complaint, duration of clinical signs, complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemical findings, abdominal fluid analysis, molecular testing, cyto/histopathologic findings and outcome.

The diagnosis of FIP was established based on signalment, clinical presentation (fever, ascites, ocular or neurologic signs), clinical pathology (low serum albumin:globulin ratio <0.6, lymphopenia <0.9 K/µ, anemia [packed cell volume <30%]), highly proteinaceous effusion (>3.5 g/dl,¹³ reference interval [RI] <2.5 g/dl; low to moderate cellularity, pyogranulomatous inflammation, low albumin:globulin ratio <0.8), pyogranulomatous inflammation and vasculitis on tissue, positive FCoV antigen on immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue or fluids or RT-PCR demonstrating FCoV messenger RNA (mRNA) in effusions.¹⁵

Cats with a definitive diagnosis of FIP had supportive clinical presentation, and clinicopathologic and histopathologic findings, along with one of the following: (1) positive FCoV IHC on tissue or fluid; or (2) positive FCoV RT-PCR mRNA on effusion. Highly suspicious cats had a supportive clinical presentation, low albumin:globulin ratio in serum, characteristic fluid cytology (if effusion was present) and, if obtained, cyto/histopathology consistent with pyogranulomatous inflammation. Patients with known comorbidities were excluded.

Abdominal ultrasound

Cats were scanned using an Epic 7G or an iU22, with a curvilinear 8–5 MHz, or linear 12–5 MHz or 18–5 MHz transducer (Phillips). Images, video clips and reports were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist (DP) and a diagnostic imaging resident (TM).

The presence, echogenicity, amount of peritoneal/retroperitoneal effusion and mesenteric fat echogenicity were evaluated. Evaluation of abdominal LNs included thickness, echogenicity and margination. LNs >5 mm thick were considered enlarged.¹⁶ Hepatobiliary assessment included subjective liver size, echotexture and echogenicity, focal lesions (number and size), common bile duct dilation (>4 mm), and gallbladder wall thickening (>1 mm) and contents.¹⁷ GI tract evaluation included wall thickness, layering, and extent and distribution of lesion(s). Wall thickness was considered normal if it was 2–4 mm for the stomach, up to 2.5 mm for the duodenum and jejunum, 2.8 mm for the ileum and 1.5 mm for the colon.¹⁸ The splenic size was considered normal if the mean thickness was ⩽1 cm, as previously described.¹⁹ Splenic echogenicity and echotexture were subjectively assessed. Renal evaluation included size, shape, echogenicity, presence of focal lesions, subcapsular rim and pyelectasia. Urinary bladder wall thickness and contents were reported if abnormal.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics were performed and data were presented as median (range) for continuous variables and frequency counts for categorical variables.

Results

A total of 25 cats met the inclusion criteria.⁷ Of them, 12 (48%) had a definitive diagnosis of FIP. These cats had supportive clinical presentation, clinical pathology, fluid analysis (8/12 cats), cytology (8/12 cats), histopathology (4/12 cats) and either positive FCoV IHC on tissue or fluid (7/12 cats) or a positive FCoV RT-PCR test (5/12 cats). In total, 13/25 cats were highly suspicious for FIP based on supportive clinical presentation, clinical pathology, fluid analysis (7/13 cats) and/or cytology (7/13 cats) and/or histology (8/13 cats) consistent with pyogranulomatous inflammation.

Signalment and clinical presentation

The median age was 3.5 years (range 0.3–12.2 years). Of the 25 cats, nine (36%) were aged <2 years and five (20%) were aged ⩾11 years. Most cats (n = 14) were domestic shorthair cats. Other breeds included domestic longhair (n = 3), Siberian (n = 2) and one each of the following breeds: Ragdoll, Bengal, domestic medium hair, Maine Coon, Egyptian Mau and Persian.

Of the 25 cats, 13 were spayed females, 11 were castrated males and one was an intact male. Of the 25 cats, seven were adopted from a shelter, seven were from a multi-cat household, five were indoor-only with no other pets in the household and two were obtained from breeders. Information about the environment was not available for four cats.

The most common clinical signs in the 25 cats were anorexia/hyporexia (n = 20), lethargy (n = 14), vomiting (n = 7), dehydration (n = 9), pyrexia (n = 9), diarrhea (n = 5) and weight loss (n = 5). Most cats (17/25) had a duration of clinical signs of over 1 week and 8/25 cats had clinical signs for less than 1 week. Neurologic signs were noted in 2/25 cats: one had seizures and the other had non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Ocular signs were reported in 2/25 cats: one cat had anisocoria and the other had uveitis.

Ultrasonographic findings

Individual US findings are presented in Table 1. All 25 cats had ultrasonographic abnormalities.

Table 1

Summary of abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 25 cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): cases 1–12 are confirmed; cases 13–25 are highly suspicious for FIP

Case	Effusion	Mesentery	Lymphadenopathy	Liver	Intestinal tract	Spleen	Kidneys
1	Mild (retroperitoneal)	NA	Jejunal, colic	NA	NA	Two small hypoechoic nodules	LK: hyperechoic nodule and pyelectasia
2	Scant	NA	PD	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	Thickening with lost wall layering of the ICJ and transverse and proximal descending colon	NA	NA
3	Severe	Hyperechoic, lobulated	Ileocecal	Hypoechoic	Diffuse SI muscularis thickening	NA	NA
4	Severe	Hyperechoic, lobulated*	NI	Hepatomegaly	NA	NA	NA
5	Mild	NA	Hepatic, PD, jejunal, ileocecal, colic	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	ICJ thickening with altered layering and focal lost layering	Mottled	NA
6	Severe	Hyperechoic, lobulated*	NI	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	NA	Splenomegaly	NA
7	Severe	Hypoechoic nodules	PD, jejunal	Hyperechoic hepatomegaly	NA	Splenomegaly	NA
8	Moderate	Hypoechoic nodules	Jejunal, ileocecal	Hepatomegaly	Thickened, layered ileum	NA	NA
9	Severe	Hyperechoic, hypoechoic nodules*	NI	Hyperechoic	NA	Splenomegaly, hyperechoic nodules	NA
10	No	NA	Ileocecal, colic	NA	ICJ mass. Descending colonic wall thickening	NA	NA
11	Mild	NA	Ileocecal	Hypoechoic	Descending colon thickening	NA	NA
12	Scant	NA	Hepatic, jejunal, ileocecal	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	ICJ thickening with altered layering	NA	NA
13	Scant	NA	Hepatic, PD, medial iliac	Hyperechoic hepatomegaly	Focal colonic wall thickening, altered to lost layering	Mottled splenomegaly	RK: renomegaly, subcapsular rim
14	Moderate	Peritoneal nodule	Jejunal, colic	Hepatomegaly, hyperechoic nodules	Thickened descending colon with reactive lymphoid nodules	Splenomegaly	NA
15	Scant	NA	Hepatic, colic	NA	Eccentric thickening of descending colon, altered layering	NA	NA
16	Scant	NA	NA	Hyperechoic	NA	NA	NA
17	Moderate	NA	Jejunal	NA	Jejunal thickening, altered to lost layering	NA	Bilateral subcapsular rim and hyperechoic nodules
18	Scant (retroperitoneal)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Bilateral renomegaly, subcapsular rim, pyelectasia, hyperechoic nodules
19	Severe	Hyperechoic and lobulated	PD	Hypoechoic	Thickened descending colon, altered to lost layering	Splenomegaly	RK: hyperechoic nodule and subcapsular rim
20	Mild	NA	Hepatic, ileocecal, colic	Hypoechoic	Jejunal thickening. ICJ thickening	NA	LK: renal nodule
21	Mild	NA	Jejunal	Hypoechoic	NA	NA	NA
22	No	NA	Jejunal, ileocecal	Hyperechoic hepatomegaly	ICJ thickening with altered to lost layering	NA	NA
23	Mild	NA	Hepatic, gastric	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	Jejunal wall thickening, altered layering. Descending colon: eccentric thickening	Mottled splenomegaly	NA
24	Scant	NA	Jejunal	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	Thickened ileum with altered to loss of layering	NA	Bilateral renomegaly, subcapsular rim, pyelectasia, cortical nodules
25	No	NA	Hepatic, jejunal, colic, medial iliac	Hypoechoic hepatomegaly	Thickened colonic wall, lost layering	NA	LK: cortical nodules

Also showed a thickened parietal peritoneum

ICJ = ileocecocolic junction; LK = left kidney; NA = no abnormalities detected; NI = not identified; PD = pancreaticoduodenal lymph node; RK = right kidney; SI = small intestine

Abdominal effusion (peritoneal or retroperitoneal) was present in 22/25 cats (scant in seven cats, mild in six cats, moderate in three cats and severe in six cats). Effusion was anechoic in 13 cats and mildly echogenic in nine cats.

The mesentery was abnormal in 7/25 cats. A hyperechoic/lobular mesentery was seen in 4/7 cats, and 3/7 cats had hypoechoic nodules. The peritoneum was thickened in 3/25 cats (Figure 1) and 1/25 cats had a parietal peritoneal nodule.

Figure 1

Longitudinal ultrasonographic (US) image of the abdomen in a 12-year-old female cat with feline infectious peritoniris (case 9). (a) Part of the moderately thickened parietal peritoneum is seen between the calipers (2.6 mm). (b) The hyperechoic mesentery appears nodular (between the calipers: 1.2 cm) and irregular. Anechoic peritoneal effusion (asterisk) was also present.

A total of 20/25 cats had LN changes. Multifocal abdominal lymphadenopathy (two or more LNs) was identified in 13/20 cats and perinodal hyperechoic fat was noted in 4/20 cats. The jejunal LNs were enlarged and hypoechoic in 11/20 cats. Markedly enlarged (up to 20 mm), lobulated, hypoechoic jejunal LNs were noted in 1/11 cats (Figure 2). The ileocecal LNs were enlarged (thickness up to 8.4 mm) and hypoechoic in 8/20 cats. The colic LNs were enlarged and hypoechoic in 7/20 cats, measuring up to 18 mm. The hepatic LN was enlarged, measuring up to 14 mm, and hypoechoic in 7/20 cats; 6/7 cats had hepatic changes. The gastric LN was enlarged (6 mm) in one cat. The pancreaticoduodenal LN was enlarged and hypoechoic in 5/20 cats (thickness up to 10 mm). The medial iliac LNs were hypoechoic in 2/20 cats. LN images were not available in 3/25 cats.

Figure 2

Jejunal suppurative lymphadenitis in a 7-month-old female cat (case 21). Longitudinal ultrasound image of the enlarged jejunal lymph nodes. Note the cranial mesenteric vein (asterisk). The most dorsally located jejunal lymph node is markedly enlarged, hypoechoic, with an ill-defined anechoic cranial pole (white arrow) and slightly lobulated. Regional perinodal fat is hyperechoic, supportive of steatitis (white arrowhead)

The liver was abnormal in 20/25 (80%) cats. Of them, hepatomegaly was noted in 13 cats. The liver was diffusely hypoechogenic in 12 cats and diffusely hyperechogenic in five cats. Of the 20 cats, one had multiple small (up to 2.4 mm) hyperechoic nodules, some distorting the capsule (Figure 3). One cat had gallbladder wall thickening (3 mm) and a mildly distended common bile duct (5 mm). The pancreas was unremarkable in all cats in which it was imaged (20/25 cats).

Figure 3

Longitudinal ultrasound image of the liver in an 8-year-old male neutered cat with feline infectious peritonitis (case 14). A 2.4 mm ellipsoid hyperechoic nodule (cursors) is noted within the periphery of the liver, bulging along the hepatic capsule. Serosal granuloma was diagnosed by histopathology. Slightly echogenic peritoneal effusion is also noted (asterisk)

Intestinal abnormalities were found in 17/25 cats, with 13/17 being ICJ and/or colonic changes. Of these 13 cats, in six, primarily ICJ lesions were noted, and in nine, colonic lesions were noted. Of the nine cats with colonic lesions, two had a mass-like lesion marked by eccentric, mixed echogenicity and colonic wall thickening, measuring up to 3 cm in width. The remaining 7/9 cats showed colonic wall thickening (up to 6 mm; range 2.6–6 mm).

Ileal wall thickening (up to 6 mm) with altered layering (thickened muscular layer) was noted in 2/17 cats. A total of 6/17 cats had ileocecocolic junction (ICJ) lesions. Wall thickening affecting the ileum, cecum and colonic walls was seen in 5/6 cats, and loss of wall layering in 2/5 cats. An ICJ marked thickening was seen in 1/6 cats (Figure 4). This lesion was heterogeneously hypoechoic, with faint, ill-defined and irregular hyperechoic areas, extending to the ascending and transverse colon with loss of wall layering, extending approximately over 3.5 cm in length (case 10).

Figure 4

Transverse ultrasound image of (a) the ascending colon and (b) ileocolic junction in a 3-year-old female cat with feline infectious peritonitis (case 10). (a) The ascending colon is thickened with lost wall layering (between the calipers: 8.5 mm). (b) An ileocecocolic junction-centered colonic wall thickening with loss of wall layering (between the calipers: 8 mm). The ileum is also seen (asterisk)

The jejunum had changes in 4/17 cats, with segmental muscular layer thickening in 3/4 cats. A long asymmetrical thickened segment of jejunum (>15 cm) with altered to lost wall layering (up to 3.8 mm) was seen in 1/4 cats. The stomach and duodenum were unremarkable.

The spleen was abnormal in 9/25 (36%) cats; splenomegaly was observed in 7/9 cats and a mottled parenchyma in 3/9 cats. Two small hypoechoic splenic nodules (up to 5 mm in diameter) were identified in another cat. One cat had multiple small (up to 4.3 mm) hyperechoic nodules, thought to represent myelolipomas.

Abnormal renal findings were seen in 8/25 cats: decreased corticomedullary distinction in five cats; a hypoechoic subcapsular rim in five cats (bilateral in three cats and unilateral in two cats) (Figure 5); and pyelectasia (up to 7 mm) in three cats. Of the eight cats, two had bilateral renomegaly and two had unilateral renomegaly (up to 4.9 cm in length). Hyperechoic cortical nodules were seen bilaterally in three cats and unilaterally in four cats (Figure 5).

Figure 5

(a) Parasagittal ultrasound image of the right kidney in an 8-month-old cat with feline infectious peritonitis (case 19) showing a 1 cm hyperechoic cortical nodule (cursors). There is concurrent retroperitoneal anechoic effusion (asterisks). (b) Pyogranulomatous nephritis in a 1-year-old cat with feline infectious peritonitis (case 18). Longitudinal ultrasound image of the enlarged (4.7 cm long) right kidney with heterogeneous parenchyma and slightly irregular margination. A thin hypoechoic rim is also noted at the outer cortical (white arrow). The perirenal fat is hyperechoic. The asterisk indicates a scant amount of urine in the renal pelvis. Pyogranulomatous nephritis was diagnosed on necropsy

The abdominal lesions had a predominantly multifocal distribution with involvement of two or more organ/structures in 92% of cats.

Clinical pathology and fluid analysis

The serum albumin:globulin ratio was <0.77 in 24/25 (96%) cases. Of the 25 cats, 15 had anemia (hematocrit <35); in 13/15 cats, this was non-regenerative. Lymphopenia was present in 12/25 cats.

Increased total serum bilirubin was seen in 10/25 cats (median 2 mg/dl; range 0.5–8.3 mg/dl; RI <0.3 mg/dl). Serum alkaline phosphatase (188 U/l, RI <79 U/l) or serum alanine aminotransferase (224 U/l; RI <145 U/l) was increased in only one cat. Of the 25 cats, nine had an increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase, which was typically very mild (median 78 U/l; range 61–232 U/l; RI <42 U/l). All of these cats also had increased serum bilirubin. In 4/9 cats with increased serum aspartate transaminase (AST), there was a concurrent increase in creatinine kinase activity, suggesting a muscle source for the serum AST. Two cats had an elevated serum creatinine concentration.

The results of the fluid analysis are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2

Summary of clinical signs, histopathology, necropsy, cytology, abdominal fluid analysis and molecular testing in 25 cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): cases 1–12 are confirmed; cases 13–25 are highly suspicious for FIP

Case	Clinical signs	Histopathology and necropsy	Cytology	Abdominal fluid analysis	PCR or IHC positive
1*	Fever, lethargy	Necropsy: lymphoplasmacytic portal hepatitis. Pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis, nephritis, splenitis, meningoencephalitis and pleuropneumonia	Kidney: possible neutrophilic inflammation	None	IHC
2	Diarrhea, lethargy	Ocular signs: uveitis and pyogranulomatous perineuritis	None	None	IHC
3	Fever, emesis, anorexia	None	None	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)	IHC
4	Fever, lethargy, emesis.	None	Mesentery: mixed neutrophilic/macrophagic inflammation	None	PCR
5	Fever, lethargy, weight loss	None	None	Exudate (neutrophilic inflammation)	PCR
6	Fever, lethargy, anorexia	None	Possible mild neutrophilic hepatitis	Exudate (neutrophilic inflammation)	PCR
7	Emesis, anorexia	None	Liver: possible neutrophilic inflammation Jejunal LN: neutrophilic/macrophagic inflammation	Exudate (mixed inflammation)	PCR
8	Chronic diarrhea, hyporexia, lethargy	None	Mesenteric nodule: necrosis with mixed inflammation	Exudate (neutrophilic inflammation)	IHC
9	Fever, hyporexia, lethargy	None	None	High-protein transudate (neutrophilic inflammation)	IHC
10	Fever, lethargy, emesis	Biopsy: ICJ: pyogranulomatous enterocolitis and lymphadenitis	Colon: neutrophilic inflammation Jejunal LN: reactive	None	IHC
11	Chronic diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia	Biopsy: pyogranulomatous lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, colitis and peritonitis Necropsy: diffuse severe peritonitis Pyogranulomatous vasculitis and enterocolitis	Colon: mixed inflammation Colic LN: non-diagnostic	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)	IHC
12	Weight loss, hyporexia	None	Jejunal lymph node: moderate neutrophilic/macrophagic inflammation Scant heterogeneous lymphoid population	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)	PCR
13	Hyporexia	Biopsy: hepatic pyogranulomas	Spleen and liver: moderate neutrophilic/macrophagic inflammation	None
14	Hyporexia	Necropsy: pyogranulomatous serositis and vasculitis (diffuse)	None	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)
15	Constipation, hyporexia	None	Non-diagnostic	Exudate (mixed inflammation)
16*	Fever, hyporexia, weight loss	Necropsy: fibrinous peritonitis and pleuritis Hepatic lipidosis with lymphoplasmacytic portal infiltrate. Neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. Meningoencephalitis	None	None
17	Fever, anorexia	None	Kidney: mild neutrophilic inflammationLiver: neutrophilic inflammation; mild hepatocellular lipid vacuolationSpleen: no evidence of inflammation or neoplasia	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)
18	Weakness, hyporexia	Necropsy: pyogranulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic nephritis and vasculitis Multifocal telangiectasis (peliosis hepatis)	None	None
19	Anorexia, weight loss	None	None	High-protein transudate (mixed inflammation)
20	Fever, hyporexia weight loss	Necropsy: bicavitary serofibrinous effusion Pyogranulomatous to suppurative lymphadenitis and nephritis. Fibrino-necrotizing splenic capsulitis cholestasis; multifocal, acute hepatic necrosis	None	Exudate (mixed inflammation)
21	Fever, hyporexia, lethargy	Necropsy: omentum, small intestine, lymph node: lymphohistiocytic vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis. Suppurative lymphadenitis with fibrinous peritonitis. Acute pulmonary edema	Jejunal LN: neutrophilic inflammation	Exudate (mixed inflammation)
22	Fever, hyporexia, lethargy	Necropsy: pyogranulomatous and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Hepatic lipidosis; neutrophilic cholangitis; lymphoplasmacytic periportal hepatitis. Small intestine (Peyer’s patches): pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis	Marked hepatocellular distinct vacuolation (lipid), possible neutrophilic inflammation. Lymph node: neutrophilic/macrophagic inflammation, possible necrosis	None
23	Fever, hyporexia, lethargy	None	ICJ mass: neutrophilic inflammation	Exudate (mixed inflammation)
24	Anorexia, lethargy	Necropsy: pyogranulomatous nephritis, enterocolitis, lymphadenitis, hepatitis and vasculitis	None	None
25	Anorexia, lethargy	None	Hepatic and medial iliac LN: pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis	None

Cases that had concurrent neurologic signs

ICJ = ileocecocolic junction; IHC = immunohistochemistry; LN = lymph node

An abdominal fluid analysis was performed in 15/25 cats and revealed high protein content most consistent with FIP. Results included exudates with mixed inflammation in five cats, exudates with neutrophilic inflammation in three cats, high-protein transudate with mixed inflammation in six cats and with neutrophilic inflammation in one cat. In all 15 cases, neutrophils were non-degenerate, and no infectious organisms were identified. Bacterial culture was not performed on any of the abdominal fluid samples.

Cytology and necropsy

Individual cytologic and histopathologic findings are presented in Table 2.

US-guided fine-needle aspiration of abdominal structures was performed in 15/25 cases. Histopathology was available in 12/25 cats: on post-mortem (n = 9); US-guided tissue biopsies of liver (n = 1 [case 11]); colonic wall/mass and LNs (n = 2 [cases 10 and 11]); and enucleated eye (n = 1). Case 11 had a liver biopsy and post-mortem evaluation. The post-mortem evaluation revealed lesions typical of FIP¹³ in all nine cats.

Hepatic abnormalities were noted in 8/12 cats with histopathology, including granulomatous hepatitis (n = 3), moderate to severe lipidosis (n = 2), lymphoplasmacytic portal hepatitis (n = 1) and peliosis hepatis (n = 1).

Intestinal histopathology was abnormal in 5/12 cats. Multifocal pyogranulomatous or lymphohistiocytic lesions (vasculitis or enterocolitis) were seen in five cats (cases 10, 11, 21, 22 and 24). Cat 22 had inflammatory lesions confined to the intestinal lymphatic vessels.

Pyogranulomatous splenitis (in 2/12 cats) and acute fibrino-necrotizing capsulitis (in 1/12 cats) were diagnosed on splenic cytology or histopathology. The cats with pyogranulomatous splenitis had either hypoechoic nodules or mottled splenomegaly on US, while the cat with capsulitis had a normal spleen on US.

Abnormal renal histopathology was noted in 5/12 cats and revealed pyogranulomatous nephritis and vasculitis in four cats (cases 1, 18, 20 and 24), and neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic nephritis in one cat (case 16) with an unremarkable kidney on US.

A total of 11 cats had cytologic (n = 6) or histopathologic (n = 5) evidence of pyogranulomatous (n = 8) or suppurative inflammation (n = 3) in one or more abdominal LNs; all these LNs were abnormal on US.

Outcome

Of the 25 cats, 12 were euthanized during the first week of presentation. Three were euthanized after 1, 3 and 5 months of supportive care treatment, owing to worsening of clinical signs. Of the 25 cats, eight were discharged with supportive care and lost to follow-up. Two cats (cases 5 and 12) treated with a trial drug for FIP (GS-441524)²⁰ showed improvement of the clinical signs and resolution of abdominal effusion. Case 5 had an ultrasound 10 weeks after therapy, which showed resolution of the pretreatment hepatic and intestinal lesions. Case 12 received antiviral treatment for 5 weeks and had resolution of the previously seen ICJ-centered thickening at a 2-month US recheck, though hypoechoic hepatomegaly persisted.

Discussion

The present study supports our hypothesis that FIP has a high prevalence of abdominal US lesions, more than previously described.¹⁴ Abdominal effusion was the most common finding on US (88%). Ultrasound lesions in the LNs (80%), liver (80%) and intestines (68%) were also common. In addition, all cats had two or more affected areas on ultrasound.

In the present study, US lesions affecting the intestines were seen in 68% (17/25) of cats, compared with 13% in a previous publication.¹⁴ Ileocecocolic and ICJ/colonic changes were most common, with an incidence of 52% (13/25 cats). The most common abnormalities were wall thickening (11/17 cats) and altered to lost wall layering (11/17 cats). Three cats had marked thickening in the colon (n = 2) or at the ICJ (n = 1). Differential diagnoses for these lesions would include neoplasia (eg, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, carcinoma), fungal disease and feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF). Neoplastic lesions tend to be poorly echogenic with more extensive loss of wall layering than seen in this study.^21
–23 The mixed echogenicity within the lesions in our study likely corresponded to fibrotic regions. This change can also be seen in sclerosing mast cell tumors or FGESF.^24
–26 Therefore, cytologic or histopathologic evaluation of intestinal lesions remain necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

The effusive form is the most common presentation of FIP²⁷ and acquisition of fluid from these cats for analysis is important in establishing a diagnosis of this viral disease. Ultrasound was able to identify abdominal effusion in 22/25 (88%) cats, with seven (28%) cats having only a scant amount. Thus, US evaluation permits the identification and acquisition of fluid even in cats with no obvious effusion on physical examination, including those with neuro/ocular changes.

Of the 25 cats, 11 had US abnormalities of the mesentery or parietal peritoneum. These US findings had not been previously reported in cats with FIP and may be secondary to granulomatous-necrotizing processes.²⁸ Differential diagnoses for the mesenteric changes would include carcinomatosis, lymphomatosis, sarcomatosis, mesothelioma or chronic peritonitis.^29,30 Thickened parietal peritoneum (3/25 cats) and parietal peritoneal nodule (1/3 cats) were not previously reported in FIP. The thickened peritoneum likely corresponds to the fibrinous serositis/peritonitis described in FIP.³¹ Since all cats with these changes had moderate to severe abdominal effusion, we speculate that the presence of fluid facilitates the identification of these lesions on US.

Out of 25 cats, 20 had evidence of lymphadenopathy, which is often reported with FIP.^28,32 Differential diagnoses for abdominal lymphadenopathy in cats include infectious diseases (eg, fungal, protozoal, bacterial), round cell neoplasia (RCN) and reactive lymphadenomegaly.^33
–36

The liver is frequently affected in FIP.^37
–40 In our study, 20/25 (80%) cats had diffuse or focal hepatic ultrasonographic changes. The most common US abnormalities in our study were hepatomegaly (13/25, 52%) and diffuse hypoechogenicity (12/25, 48%). Too few cats had histopathologic evaluation of the liver to draw any conclusions about typical US changes. In terms of clinical pathology, 9/10 cats with hyperbilirubinemia had ultrasound abnormalities of the liver, with the most common findings being hepatomegaly (n = 6) and a hypoechoic echotexture (n = 7). Likewise, a high percentage of cats with elevated serum AST (n = 8) had an abnormal liver on US, with the most common finding being a hypoechoic liver (n = 6). The one cat with an increased serum ALT had a normal US.

The spleen showed US abnormalities in 9/25 (36%) cats, while a previous study reported splenic changes in only 12% of cats.¹⁴ Splenomegaly was the most common abnormality; however, it is difficult to assess the clinical relevance of this finding as only 3/9 cases had histopathological confirmation. Pyogranulomatous necrotizing splenitis and acute fibrino-necrotizing splenic capsulitis, seen in our study, have been reported in FIP.²⁸ A mottled spleen was seen in three cats in our study population. This is a non-specific US finding and has been reported with extramedullary hematopoiesis, lymphoid hyperplasia, passive congestion, round cell neoplasia, carcinoma, histiocytic sarcoma, as well as granulomatous splenitis.^23,41
–43

Renal lesions in our population included renomegaly in 4/25 (16%) cats and the presence of a subcapsular hypoechoic rim in 5/25 (20%) cats. A higher prevalence of these lesions (31%) was previously reported.¹⁴ The hypoechoic rim in FIP may be due to cellular infiltration in the outer renal cortex,³⁷ similar to renal lymphoma.⁴⁴ Hyperechoic cortical nodules were seen in 4/5 cats in our study and, histopathologically, pyogranulomatous inflammation typical of FIP lesions was documented.¹⁴

Only one cat with renal ultrasound changes had elevations in serum urea nitrogen or creatinine, indicating the likely presence of subclinical disease in some cats with FIP.

Two cats in this study received a novel antiviral therapy^8,9,12,13,20 and follow-up US showed partial to complete resolution of changes, suggesting that US may be a valuable tool in assessing response to treatment with this trial drug. Persistent US changes despite curative treatment with antiviral therapy have been documented in cats with FIP.^9,12 Hence, a better understanding of FIP lesions that are detectable with ultrasound pretreatment is beneficial.

The present study has some limitations. These include a lack of the gold standard diagnosis in 13 cats, the collection of data from ultrasonographic examinations performed by different operators and ultrasound machines, which may have led to inconsistency in documenting findings, a lack of histopathologic or cytologic correlates to all the US changes detected, and a small sample size, especially when evaluating imaging findings for a multi-organ distributed disease. Larger prospective multi-institutional studies focused on in-depth correlation between imaging and histopathologic features are encouraged, especially in the light of promising antiviral treatment.

Conclusions

We report a high incidence of ultrasonographic abnormalities in the liver, LNs, GI tract, mesentery/peritoneum, spleen and kidney in cats with FIP. All cats had two or more abnormalities on abdominal US, likely reflecting the multisystemic nature of this infection, despite non-specific signs and neuro/ocular abnormalities.

Although the US imaging features were not specific, the combined presence of effusion and involvement of several organs, along with the signalment, history, clinical signs and clinicopathologic data, assist in prioritizing FIP as a diagnosis. In addition, US facilitates the sampling of abdominal fluid and/or affected organs for histopathology, immunohistochemistry or molecular testing, which are critical in making a definitive diagnosis of FIP.

Footnotes

Accepted: 4 November 2023

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical approval

The work described in this manuscript involved the use of non-experimental (owned or unowned) animals. Established internationally recognized high standards (‘best practice’) of veterinary clinical care for the individual patient were always followed and/or this work involved the use of cadavers. Ethical approval from a committee was therefore not specifically required for publication in JFMS. Although not required, where ethical approval was still obtained, it is stated in the manuscript.

Informed consent

Informed consent (verbal or written) was obtained from the owner or legal custodian of all animal(s) described in this work (experimental or non-experimental animals, including cadavers) for all procedure(s) undertaken (prospective or retrospective studies). No animals or people are identifiable within this publication, and therefore additional informed consent for publication was not required.

ORCID iD

Thiago R Müller

Francisco O Conrado

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Abdominal ultrasonographic findings of cats with feline infectious peritonitis: an update

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions and relevance

Keywords

Introduction

Materials and methods

Inclusion criteria

Abdominal ultrasound

Statistics

Results

Signalment and clinical presentation

Ultrasonographic findings

Clinical pathology and fluid analysis

Cytology and necropsy

Outcome

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Conflict of interest

Funding

Ethical approval

Informed consent

ORCID iD

References