Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for the treatment of complicated wounds in cats.

Methods

Twenty cats undergoing open-wound treatment in two clinics were classed according to treatment method: NPWT (group A, n = 10) and polyurethane foam dressing (group B, n = 10). Pairs of patients from each group were matched based on wound conformation, localisation and underlying cause. Cats from both groups were compared in terms of duration of previous treatment, time to closure and complications.

Results

Signalment, duration of previous treatment, antibiotic and antiseptic treatment, and bacterial status were comparable between groups. Total time to wound closure was significantly shorter (P = 0.046, strong effect size; Cohen d = 0.8) in group A (25.8 days, range 11.0–57.0 days) compared with group B (39.5 days, range 28.0–75.0 days). NPWT-treated wounds suffered fewer complications and became septic less frequently during treatment compared with wounds treated with a foam dressing. The progression of fat tissue necrosis was particularly well controlled under NPWT, resulting in fewer deaths due to this condition in this group. However, although a strong effect of NPWT on the progression of infection, fever and sepsis was detected (Cramer-V 0.5), this difference was not significant.

Conclusions and relevance

This study demonstrated that time to healing was considerably shorter, and complication rate lower, in NPWT-treated animals compared with foam dressing-treated cats. In particular, the effective management of infection by NPWT emphasises the value of NPWT in the treatment of cats suffering from infected wounds.

Introduction

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) involves the improvement of wound healing by the application of a homogeneous vacuum to the wound via a sponge.¹ Although the main effects by which NPWT improves wound healing have been elucidated, the full extent of NPWT is yet to be discovered.^2–10 Over the past 10 years indications such as urine-induced necrosis, burn injuries, augmentation of shear injuries, augmentation of local flaps and septic peritonitis have been described in the veterinary literature.^11–22 Experimental and retrospective clinical trials in dogs have demonstrated the positive effect of NPWT for wound treatment in dogs; ^21–24 however, data from canine patients may not reflect the situation in cats, as considerable differences regarding wound-healing capacities exist between these species.^25–27 Cats have a poorer healing response than dogs, with less effective granulation.^26,27 Thus, NPWT would seem to be an especially promising tool in this species, especially for encouraging granulation. Unfortunately, despite the publication of several case reports and case studies, there is, as yet, no controlled clinical study evaluating the value of this technique in cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of NPWT when used for open-wound therapy in cats, and to compare it to a standard treatment protocol.

Materials and methods

The medical records of two clinics in the period between January 2011 and October 2015 were searched for cats that underwent open-wound therapy. Records were included if dressing changes, time to closure and a minimum follow-up of 14 days after closure were documented. Based on the type of treatment, cats were assigned to two groups: group A (NPWT) and group B (polyurethane foam dressing). Matched pairs were created by assigning each cat in group A a corresponding partner from group B. After matching, a total of 10 cat pairs (20 cats) were included for further statistical evaluation (see table in the supplementary material).

Treatment protocols

Group A cats were treated by application of a NPWT dressing after initial debridement (VAC GranuFoam, TracPad and VAC Freedom; all KCI) (Figure 1). Dressing changes were performed every 2 or 3 days with the cat was under general anaesthesia. A continuous vacuum of −125 mmHg was applied to the wound. NPWT was discontinued once a healthy granulation bed had formed and wound exudation had decreased. Thereafter, wounds were closed, if possible. In cases were a delayed closure was not possible, therapy was continued using a triple layered silver-coated foam dressing (Acticoat Moisture Control; Smith&Nephew) until the wound was healed.

Figure 1

Demonstrating the two different wound dressings in place: (a) foam, (b) negative pressure wound therapy

In group B, wound treatment was identical to group A except that a perforated honeycomb film-coated highly absorbent foam (Alleyvin Cavity; Smith&Nephew) was initially applied as long as heavy wound exudation occurred. After exudation levels decreased, the dressing was changed to a silver-coated foam dressing (Acticoat Moisture Control; Figure 1). Foam dressings were directly sutured to the wounds to prevent dislodging, and dressing changes were performed every 2–3 days, while the cat was under general anaesthesia. Surgical advancement of the wound edges was performed during dressing changes in all cats of both groups when possible: the wound edges were undermined by approximately 1–2 cm, and the skin was advanced toward the centre of the defect and secured there using walking sutures. In this way, the wound size could be reduced while keeping the wound open and allowing maximal wound drainage, as most of the cats were severely infected and had already failed previous attempts at closure.

Study design

For each cat, signalment data, including breed, age, sex and weight, were recorded, as well as known comorbidities. In addition, initial antibiotic treatment and the antibiotic drug used, as well as changes in the antibiotic therapy due to the results of resistance testing and antiseptic treatment, were recorded.

Wounds were further characterised using the following parameters: duration of previous treatment, cause of wound development, wound type (acute or chronic), location of the wound, presence of infection (swelling, pain, discharge, presence of necrosis) and wound class (1 = small defect, no wound pockets; 2 = medium-sized defect, no wound pockets; 3 = medium-sized defect with pockets or large defect without pockets; 4 = large defect) at the initiation of the documented treatment.

If available, the microbial status of the wound at initiation of therapy and during treatment, including the number of isolated bacterial species and their resistance profiles, was recorded and compared between groups.

To record outcome, we noted the following information: closure rate, total time to closure and complications observed during therapy and after closure.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 (IBM). Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies, and continuous data were expressed as median and range. A paired t-test was used to assess differences between groups for continuous, normally distributed data, and a Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for non-normally distributed parameters. A Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical variables. The effect sizes were calculated using Cohen d for continuous data and Cramér’s V test for categorical data. Significance was set at P <0.05.

Results

Signalment

The mean age of cats in group A was 5.8 years (range 2.0–11.0 years), and their mean body weight was 4.7 kg (range 3.3–5.8 kg).The corresponding partners in group B had a mean age of 5.3 years (range 3.0–14.0 years), and a mean body weight of 4.4 kg (range 3.3–7.3 kg). Further details are listed in the table in the supplementary material.

Previous treatment and comorbidities

Six cats in group A and seven in group B received previous wound treatment before presentation. Of these, five (group A) and seven (group B) cats had undergone previous surgical treatment (Table 1). The mean treatment duration was 7 days in group A (range 5–8 days) and 10 days in group B (range 6–22 days). Details regarding comorbidities are given in the table in the supplementary material. No statistical differences between the groups were detectable for any of these parameters.

Table 1

Characterisation of previous treatment of patients before inclusion in the study

	Group A (n = 10)	Group B (n = 10)
Previous treatment	6	7
Antibiotic treatment	6	7
Surgical debridement with drains	5	7
Open-wound treatment	1	0
Duration of previous treatment (days)	7 (range 5–8)	10 (range 6–22)

Data are number of cats unless otherwise indicated

Antibiotic medication

The main antibiotic used for treatment was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Additional antibiotics used for initial treatment included marbofloxacin, metronidazole, doxycycline, cefazolin, ceftiofur and gentamicin. There was no significant difference between treatment regimen or antibiotic between groups. Further details are given in Table 2.

Table 2

Antibiotic and antiseptic treatment of the patients expressed as number of patients treated

	Group A (n = 10)	Group B (n = 10)
Bacterial culture available	10	8
Antibiotic treatment during therapy	9	9
Monotherapy	4	7
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid	3	3
Cefazolin	1	0
Ceftiofur	0	1
Doxycycline	0	3
Multiple antibiotics	5	2
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid + metronidazole	3	1
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid + metronidazole + ceftiofur	0	1
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid + metronidazole + marbofloxacin	1	0
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid + metronidazole + gentamicin	1	0
Based on susceptibility testing	9	8
Adjusted during treatment	6	4
Marbofloxacin	5	2
Doxycycline	1	2
Discontinued during treatment	2	0
Antiseptic treatment during therapy	10	10
Polyhexanide	10	10
Acetic acid	3	0

Antiseptic treatment

Polyhexanide 0.04% was used in all cases. In three cats in group A, this was changed to 1% acetic acid as bacterial culturing had found multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be present (Table 2).

Bacterial culture

Bacterial culture results at initial debridement were available for 10 cats in group A and eight in group B. In both groups, the median number of bacterial species isolated at initial debridement was 2 (range 0–7 group A; range 1–5 group B). One cat in group A and none in group B were initially tested bacteriologically negative. Isolated bacteria species included Escherichia coli (n = 5, group A; n = 5, group B), Enterococcus species (n = 3, group A; n = 5, group B), Enterobacter species (n = 1, group A; n = 2, group B), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 2, group B), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3, group A; n = 1, group B), Staphylococcus species (n = 2, group A; n = 1, group B), P aeruginosa (n = 1, group A), Bacteroides species (n = 1, group B), Pasteurella multocida (n = 3, group A; n = 1, group B), Corynebacterium species (n = 1, group B), Prevotella species (n = 1, group B), Pantoea species (n = 1, group A), Clostridium species (n = 1, group A) and Citrobacter species (n = 1, group A). In 4/9 cats in group A and 6/8 cats in group B the identified isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotic classes.

Repeated bacterial culture results during therapy were available for 10 cats in group A and four cats in group B. The mean number of isolated bacterial species during therapy was 1 in both groups (range 0–3). Isolated species included Enterococcus species (n = 3), E coli (n = 4), Enterobacter species (n = 1), S aureus (n = 2), P aeruginosa (n = 2). No statistical differences were detected between groups.

Two of nine cats in group A that had positive bacterial culture results at the beginning became negative over the course of the treatment. In group B, three patients with follow-up cultures tested negative. In the fourth cat in which a follow-up culture was available, multidrug resistant isolates of E coli and Enterococcus species were identified (this cat died).

Wound characteristics

The majority of wounds were major (class 3–4), all wounds were considered acute and the most frequent underlying cause of open-wound treatment was infection (surgical site infection, fat tissue necrosis, necrotising fasciitis or other soft tissue infections precluding successful primary closure), followed by trauma (Table 3). Localisation of wounds was as follows: limb (group A, 5/10; group B, 4/10), hip (group B, 1/10), abdomen (group A, 1/10; group B, 1/10), mammary glands (group A, 3/10; group B, 3/10) and vast defects, including the lateral and ventral abdominal wall and thigh after amputation (1/10 in both group A and group B).

Table 3

Wound characteristics for patients in the study

	Group A (n = 10)	Group B (n = 10 )	P *
Clinically infected	10	9
Acute	10	10
Chronic	0	0
Class 1	0	1
Class 2	2	3
Class 3	8	6

Cause
Trauma	4	5
Infection total	6	5
Necrotising fasciitis	2^†	0
Fat tissue necrosis	3^†	3^†
Surgical site infection	1^†	2^†
Closure achieved	9	6
Time to closure (days)	25.8 (range 11.0–57.0)	39.5 (range 28.0–75.0 days)	0.046
Number of bandage changes	5.4	7.8	0.041
Complications during therapy	3	5
Ongoing sepsis	1	3
Ongoing infection	3	5
Ongoing fat tissue necrosis	0	3
Death	1	3
Complications after closure	0	3
Revisions after closure	0	3

Data are number of cats unless otherwise indicated

Only given for significant differences

†

Individual number of patients with different types of infection

All wounds in group A and 9/10 wounds in group B appeared clinically infected at the beginning of open-wound treatment.

Outcome

Closure was achieved in nine cats in group A and six in group B. None of the cats with wound closure in group A developed further complications after closure (follow-up at the time of writing between 1 and 4 years), while three of the wounds that had been closed in group B had to be revised owing to partial breakdown or recurring infection.

One cat in group A was euthanased before closure. In this case, the underlying reason for open treatment was necrotising fasciitis. Although the cat recovered well initially, it developed severe anaemia after infection and the owners declined treatment with fresh blood. The cat was therefore euthanased 14 days after initial surgery. In one cat from group B, treatment had to be discontinued and was changed to NPWT, owing to progressing infection and delay of granulation. Subsequent wound healing was uneventful. The remaining three cats in group B, where closure was not achieved, all displayed signs of ongoing local inflammation and sepsis (in one case ongoing fat tissue necrosis). Two of these cats died and the third was euthanased.

The complication rate during therapy (5/10 in group B vs 2/10 in group A) and after closure (3/6 in group B vs 0/9 in group A) was higher in group B. However, although a strong effect of treatment was detectable with regard to wound-associated mortality, ongoing sepsis, ongoing wound infection, ongoing fat tissue necrosis and fever (Cramer-V 0.5), these differences were not statistically significant (P >0.05; Figure 2).

Figure 2

Graph showing the differences in occurrence of complications per group (given in number of cats). NPWT = negative pressure wound therapy.

Total time to closure

Total time to closure was significantly shorter (P = 0.046) in cats from group A (25.8 days, range 11.0–57.0 days) when compared with corresponding cats from group B (39.5 days, range 28.0–75.0 days). The effect of therapy on time to closure was strong (Cohen d 0.8).

Discussion

Numerous publications have reported the beneficial effect of NPWT on the healing of complicated wounds in humans and animals,^1–20 but information regarding cats was limited to a number of case reports and a case study.^{17,19,28–30} Here, we demonstrated faster wound closure in cats undergoing NPWT compared with foam-treated animals.

Wounds can be very heterogeneous: the age of the cat, as well as the size, age and location of the wound, and the presence of infection strongly influence wound healing.³¹ Comparison of the groups without regard to these parameters would have biased our evaluation. In order to compensate for this, matched pairs of cats were assigned for evaluation of outcome parameters (see supplementary material).

There are numerous wound dressings available. Wet-to-dry and dry-to-dry bandages have been frequently used in open-wound treatment, but these bandages lead to mechanical debridement of the wound surface during dressing changes, even if a non-adherent gauze is interposed.³¹ Moreover, the wound exudate is absorbed or evaporates through the dressing, leading to the loss of growth factors and cells during therapy.³¹ Such dressings are therefore no longer considered to meet the standard of care required in human medicine, and their use in veterinary patients should be limited as more effective options are available.³² Moist wound healing has overcome these limitations, and supports the needs of the wound with regard to temperature, moisture, osmolarity and gas exchange.^32,33 Unfortunately, information regarding the effect of such treatment in small animals is rare, and so far no studies exist evaluating their effect in cats. This is especially problematic, as cats show poorer wound healing capacities than dogs, which can lead to impaired healing.^25–27 In addition, shear injuries from car accidents are especially frequent.³⁴ Besides other indications, effective and fast establishment of granulation is critical for further treatment in these cases.³⁴ Improving wound-healing protocols for cats is thus of paramount importance.

In the past, the standard dressing for moist wound healing in both institutions taking part in this study was soft perforated film-coated polyurethane foam dressing for highly exudative wounds, and a triple-layered silver-coated foam dressing in wounds when exudation was at, or decreased to, normal levels. The use of silver-coated foam prevents maceration of the peri-wound skin area, reduced clinical signs of infection and wound area, and promoted healing.³⁵ Silver ions have been shown to have antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria that are resistant to various antibiotics in vitro, and various silver dressings have been shown to reduce bacterial load in infected wounds in vivo.^18,36–38 However, these findings are still under debate, and results from open-wound therapy in dogs do not support this.²³

Wackenfors et al stated that ‘the physiological and molecular biological mechanisms by which VAC therapy (NPWT) accelerates wound healing are to a large extend unknown’.⁹ However, the following effects of NPWT have been proposed to be responsible for its efficacy: a uniform reduction of interstitial oedema due to active fluid drainage leading to a reduction of interstitial pressure and an increase of blood flow within the tissue under the sponge.^3,8,9 This increase of up to 50% in perfusion levels can be achieved up to 1.5 cm under the sponge, and the effect of the vacuum extends as far as 3 cm under the sponge.⁸ Studies of the effect of vacuum on tissue perfusion found that a negative pressure of −125 mmHg was most effective at promoting perfusion, while higher values impaired blood flow.³ A significant increase in the amount of granulation tissue formation when compared with control groups using standard open-wound management,^3,21,39,40 a fact that might be of particular importance in cats. This effect is thought to be due to the enhancement of fibroblast proliferation due to mechanical cell deformation.^10,40 Fast and smooth granulation of wounds under NPWT has been shown experimentally and in a retrospective clinical study in dogs.^21,23

Our results clearly demonstrate two effects of NPWT: significantly faster wound closure and effective infection control.

In the NPWT group the initial condition of the cats was slightly worse than in the foam group, in terms of the number of septic, anaemic and febrile cats at initiation of therapy. Moreover, two special cases – cats with necrotising fasciitis – were included in this group. This is a condition with very high morbidity; in fact, most reported feline necrotising fasciitis cases were post-mortem diagnoses, with only two reported survivors of this condition so far. Given this fact, the closure rate of the two cats with necrotising fasciitis in this study are particularly noteworthy. With the exception of the cat affected by necrotising fasciitis that has already been presented in septic shock but nonetheless survived for 14 days, all cats in the NPWT group survived and achieved closure. By contrast, in spite of less severe conditions than necrotising fasciitis, four cats did not achieve closure in the foam group. In one cat, severe progression of the infection led to euthanasia, and two others died. In the fourth cat, ongoing postoperative infection with multidrug resistant bacteria necessitated open-wound treatment; however, 10 days of open management with foam failed to control the infection. Treatment was changed to NPWT at day 10, whereupon the wound began granulation and finally closed. This case elegantly demonstrates that infection and local tissue damage can be more effectively managed under NPWT than under standard treatment. In fat tissue necrosis, exudate management often becomes an issue. This is easily controlled using NPWT. Progression of fat tissue necrosis after initiation of NPWT was not observed in any cat in this study. The difference in complication rate, survival and closure warrants further investigation, and strongly supports the use of NPWT in cats. In addition, of the six cats in which closure was achieved using foam treatment, three had to be revised after closure, owing to dehiscence or recurrent infection. This was not necessary in any of the cats receiving NPWT. The effect of NPWT on infection that we documented is most likely due to the increase in perfusion under NPWT. Increased perfusion bolsters the immune response. This, combined with the improved removal of fluid from the wound, and thus improved clearance of bacterial virulence factors within these secretions, results in effective control of infection.^3,5,6 However, we were not able to determine a significant effect of therapy on the parameters of wound-related death, fever and ongoing sepsis. Further prospective studies should be performed to measure objectively the effect of NPWT on exudation, granulation, perfusion, local immune response and wound size development.

Another postulated benefit of NPWT is enhanced bacterial clearance.^3,41–43 In general, wound bioburden in cats becomes comparable with that of dogs under open treatment, and these bacteria are frequently multidrug resistant. The bacteria isolated in this study during therapy support this observation. As in dogs, we were not able to detect differences regarding bacterial clearance under NPWT or foam treatment; however, managing the damage caused by bacteria may be more important than achieving bacterial clearance. The number of available follow-up cultures in the foam group was very limited, so this finding would benefit from future re-evaluation.

Conclusions

NPWT leads to more rapid wound healing in cats, and, in particular, reduces the complication rate, especially due to infection, when compared with foam dressings. Although the number of cats included in the study was small, a major effect was detected, indicating the value of this therapy in cats. Further studies are needed to verify these promising results.

Footnotes

Supplementary material

Overview of signalment (gender, breed, age, body weight), wound details (classification of wound extent, wound age, underlying cause, infection status, localisation) comorbidities and time to closure in matched patients.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Accepted: 25 March 2016

References

Rozhdestvin

Nurgaliev

Kiverov

SV.

Vacuum-aspiration in the treatment of stab wounds of soft tissues. Ortop Traumatol Protez 1987; 32: 32–36.

Voinchet

Magalon

Vacuum assisted closure. Wound healing by negative pressure. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1996; c41: 583–589.

Morykwas

Argenta

Shelton-Brown

, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 1997; 38: 553–562.

Isago

Nozaki

Kikuchi

, et al. Effects of different negative pressures on reduction of wounds in negative pressure dressings. J Dermatol 2003; 30: 596–601.

Jones

Banwell

Shakespeare

PG.

Advances in wound healing: topical negative pressure therapy. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 353–357.

Argenta

Morykwas

Marks

, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure: state of clinic art. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117: 127S–142S.

Banwell

Teot

Topical negative pressure (TNP): the evolution of a novel wound therapy. J Tissue Viability 2006; 16: 16–24.

Wackenfors

Gustafsson

Sjogren

, et al. Blood flow responses in the peristernal thoracic wall during vacuum-assisted closure therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 1724–1730.

Wackenfors

Sjogren

Gustafsson

, et al. Effects of vacuum-assisted closure therapy on inguinal wound edge microvascular blood flow. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12: 600–606.

10.

McNulty

Schmidt

Feeley

, et al. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on fibroblast viability, chemotactic signaling, and proliferation in a provisional wound (fibrin) matrix. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15: 838–846.

11.

Bertran

Farrell

Fitzpatrick

Successful wound healing over exposed metal implants using vacuum-assisted wound closure in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54: 381–385.

12.

Bristow

Perry

Halfacree

, et al. Use of vacuum-assisted closure to maintain viability of a skin flap in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243: 863–868.

13.

Buote

Havig

ME.

The use of vacuum-assisted closure in the management of septic peritonitis in six dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48: 164–171.

14.

Cioffi

Schmiedt

Cornell

, et al. Retrospective evaluation of vacuum assisted peritoneal drainage for the treatment of septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 8 cases (2003–2010). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2012; 22: 601–609.

15.

Kirkby

Wheeler

Farese

, et al. Surgical views: vacuum-assisted wound closure: clinical applications. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2010; 32: E1–E6.

16.

Kirkby

Wheeler

Farese

, et al. Surgical views. Vac-uum-assisted wound closure: application and mechanism of action. Compend Contin Educ Vet 2009; 31: E1–E5.

17.

Owen

Hotston-Moore

Holt

Vacuum-assisted wound closure following urine-induced skin and thigh muscle necrosis in a cat. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009; 22: 417–421.

18.

Mullally

Carey

Seshadri

Use of a nanocrystalline silver dressing and vacuum-assisted closure in a severely burned dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2010; 20: 456–463.

19.

Guille

Tseng

Orsher

RJ.

Use of vacuum-assisted closure for management of a large skin wound in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 1669–1673.

20.

Ben-Amotz

Lanz

Miller

, et al. The use of vacuum assisted closure therapy for the treatment of distal extremity wounds in 15 dogs. Vet Surg 2007; 36: 684–690.

21.

Demaria

Stanley

Hauptman

, et al. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on healing of open wounds in dogs. Vet Surg 2011; 40: 658–669.

22.

Stanley

Pitt

Weder

, et al. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on healing of free full-thickness skin grafts in dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 511–522.

23.

Nolff

Fehr

Bolling

, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy, silver coated foam dressing and conventional bandages in open wound treatment in dogs. A retrospective comparison of 50 paired cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 30–38.

24.

Pitt

Stanley

BJ.

Negative pressure wound therapy: experience in 45 dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 380–387.

25.

Bohling

Henderson

RA.

Differences in cutaneous wound healing between dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2006; 36: 687–692.

26.

Bohling

Henderson

Swaim

, et al. Comparison of the role of the subcutaneous tissues in cutaneous wound healing in the dog and cat. Vet Surg 2006; 35: 3–14.

27.

Bohling

Henderson

Swaim

, et al. Cutaneous wound healing in the cat: a macroscopic description and comparison with cutaneous wound healing in the dog. Vet Surg 2004; 33: 579–587.

28.

Woods

De Castro Marques

Renwick

, et al. Nanocrystalline silver dressing and subatmospheric pressure therapy following neoadjuvant radiation therapy and surgical excision of a feline injection site sarcoma. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14: 214–218.

29.

Nolff

Meyer-Lindenberg

Necrotising fasciitis in a domestic shorthair cat–negative pressure wound therapy assisted debridement and reconstruction. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56: 281–284

30.

Nolff

Meyer-Lindenberg

Negative pressure wound therapy augmented full-thickness free skin grafting in the cat: outcome in 10 grafts transferred to six cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17: 1041–1048

31.

Amalsadvala

Swaim

SF.

Management of hard to heal wounds. Vet Clin Small Anim 2006; 36; 693–711.

32.

Campbell

BG.

Dressings, bandages, and splints for wound management in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Small Anim 2006; 36: 759–791.

33.

Bolton

Monte

Pirone

LA.

Moisture and healing:beyond the jargon. Ostomy Wound Manage 2000; 46 Suppl 1A: 51–62.

34.

Corr

Intensive, extensive, expensive: management of distal limb shearing injuries in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 747–757.

35.

Kotz

Fisher

McCluskey

, et al. Use of a new silver barrier dressing, Alleyvin Ag in exuding chronic wounds. Int Wound J 2009; 6: 186–194.

36.

Stinner

Waterman

Masini

, et al. Silver dressings augment the ability of negative pressure wound therapy to reduce bacteria in a contaminated open fracture model. J Trauma 2011; 71: S147–S150.

37.

Percival

Thomas

Linton

, et al. The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from burn wounds. Int Wound J 2012; 9: 488–493.

38.

Richards

Hagelstein

Patel

, et al. Early use of negative pressure therapy in combination with silver dressings in a difficult breast abscess. Int Wound J 2011; 8: 608–611.

39.

Morykwas

Faler

Pearce

, et al. Effects of varying levels of subatmospheric pressure on the rate of granulation tissue formation in experimental wounds in swine. Ann Plast Surg 2001; 47: 547–551.

40.

Saxena

Hwang

Huang

, et al. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114: 1086–1096.

41.

Lalliss

Stinner

Waterman

, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy reduces pseudomonas wound contamination more than Staphylococcus aureus. J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24: 598–602.

42.

Weed

Ratliff

Drake

DB.

Quantifying bacterial bioburden during negative pressure wound therapy: does the wound VAC enhance bacterial clearance?

Ann Plast Surg 2004; 52: 276–279.

43.

Moues

Vos

van den Bemd

, et al. Bacterial load in relation to vacuum-assisted closure wound therapy: a prospective randomized trial. Wound Repair Regen 2004; 12: 11–17.

Retrospective comparison of negative pressure wound therapy and silver-coated foam dressings in open-wound treatment in cats

Abstract

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusions and relevance

Introduction

Materials and methods

Treatment protocols

Study design

Statistical analysis

Results

Signalment

Previous treatment and comorbidities

Antibiotic medication

Antiseptic treatment

Bacterial culture

Wound characteristics

Outcome

Total time to closure

Discussion

Conclusions

Footnotes

Supplementary material

Conflict of interest

Funding

References