A police firearms training survey collected data on U.S. state and larger municipal and county police departments (N = 51) regarding in-service deadly force program staffing models and instructor development, training frameworks, requalification, and access to information from officer-involved shootings. Findings reveal a wide range of policies and practices among departments, although there were no statistically significant correlations between particular program variables or factors and violent crime levels or numbers of self-reported officer-involved shootings. There are important implications for deadly force training among the many findings, and this article concludes with recommendations designed to improve the empirical foundation of contemporary police deadly force programs.
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