A recent survey estimated that over 60 million people used unconventional therapies each year in the United States for a variety of ailments that included cancer pain, arthritis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), gastrointestinal (GI) problems, incontinence, eating disorders, and headaches. The methods chosen included massage, acupressure, acupuncture, heat, cold, imagery, and biofeedback. Estimated out-of-pocket expenditure for those surveyed exceeded $10.3 billion per year. Health care providers have the opportunity to enhance cancer pain management, especially in the home setting, through the use of physical and cognitive methods. Optimal pain relief depends on a thorough nursing assessment, pharmacologic management, and appropriate nondrug interventions.
Eisenber, D.M. , Kessler, R.C., Foster , C., Norlock, E.E., et al. (1993 ). Unconventional medicine in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 246-252.
2.
Pfalzer, L. (1992). Physical agents and the patient with cancer. Oncology, 12, 83-86.
3.
Ferrell, B.R. , Rhiner, M., Ferrell , B.A., & Grant, M. (1991). Assessment and management of elderly cancer patients with pain in the home . American Cancer Society # PBR-66.
4.
Ferrell, B.R. , Rhiner, M., Grant , M.M., et al. (1993). Development and implementation of a three part teaching intervention for elderly cancer patients with pain in the home. Cancer , 1(2), 137-143.
5.
Rhiner, M., Ferrell, B.R., Ferrell, B.A., & Grant, M.M.Development of a structured non-drug intervention program. Cancer Practice, 1(2), 137-143.
6.
McCaffery, M. , & Beebe, A. (1989). Pain: Clinical Manual for Nursing Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby.
7.
McCaffery, M. , & Rhiner , M. (1992). Non-drug pain relief measures. Nurseweek, 22(5),12-13.
8.
Prentice, W.E. (1986). Therapeutic Modalities in Sports Medicine. St. Louis, MO: Times Mirror/ Mosby College Publishing.
9.
Lehmann, J., & de LaTeur, B. (1984). Ultrasound, shortwave, microwave, superficial heat and cold in the treatment of pain. In: Wall, P.D., & Melzack, R., eds. Textbook of pain. New York, NY: Livingstone.
10.
McCaffery, M. (1987). Nursing approaches to nonpharmacological pain control. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 27(1), 1-5.
11.
Wann, M. (1993). Alternative therapies enter the mainstream. Nurseweek, 6, 10-15.
Weinrich, S.P. , & Weinrich , M.C. (1990). The effect of massage on pain in cancer patients. Applied Nursing Research , 3, 140-145.
14.
Hargreaves, A., & Landers, J. (1989). Use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation for postoperative pain. Nursing Research , 38, 159-161.
15.
Avellanosa, A.M., West, C.R. (1982). Experience with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for relief of intractable pain in cancer patients . Journal of Medicine, 13, 203-213.
16.
Winningham, M.L. , Glass, E.C., & MacVivar , M.G. (1990). Rhythmic walking exercise for people with cancer. 1990 by the Author G. James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Supported in part by grant 5R01 NRO 1825 NIH-NCNR and Schering Corporation.
17.
Metcalf, C.W. (1987). Humor, life and death . Oncology Nursing Forum, 14, 19-21.
18.
Gibson, L. (1990). Comic relief. Nursing Times, 86, 540-51.
19.
Audette I.M. (1994). The use of humor in intravenous nursing. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 17, 25-27.
20.
Fry, W.F. (1991). The physiologic effects of humor, mirth and laughter . The Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1857-1858.
21.
Cogan, R., Cogan, D., & Waltz, W., et al. (1987). Effects of laughter and relaxation on discomfort thresholds. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 139-144.
22.
Solomon, G.F. (1987). Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between central nervous system and immune system. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 18, 1-9.
23.
Halley, F.M. (1991). Self-regulation of the immune system through biobehavioral strategies. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 16, 55-74.
24.
Leftcourt, H. , & Martin , R. (1986). Humorand Lifestress: Antidote to Adversity. New York, NY : Springer Ver-Verlag.
25.
Goldron, R. (1968). Ancient and Oriental Music . Westport, CT: H.S. Stuttman Co.
26.
Woiner, K.H. (1973). History of music: a book for study and reference . New York, NY: The Free Press.
27.
Cook, J. (1981). The therapeutic use of music; a literature review . Nursing Forum, 20, 252-267.
28.
Slunk, O. (1950). Source readings in music history from classical antiquity through the romantic era. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
29.
Alvin, J. (1975). Music therapy. London, England: J. Baker Publications.
30.
Curtis, S.L. (1986). The effect of music on pain relief and relaxation of the terminally ill. Journal of Music Therapy, 23, 11-24.
31.
Lane, D. (1992). A gift beyond measure. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19, 1327-1337.
32.
Cook, J. (1986). Music as an intervention in the oncology setting . Cancer Nursing, 9, 1032-1035.
33.
Frank, J.D. (1978). Psychotherapy and the human predicament. New York, NY: Schoken Books.
34.
Fotopoulos, S.S. , Graham, C., & Cook, M.R. (1979). Psycho-physiologic control of cancer pain. In: Bonica, J.J., Ventafridda, V., eds. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol 2. New York, NY: Raven.
35.
Bresler, D.E. , & Trubo, R. (1979). Free yourself from pain . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster .
36.
Domar, A.D. , Noe, J.M., & Benson , H. (1987). The preoperative use of the relaxation response with ambulatory surgery patients . Journal of Human Stress, 13(3), 101-107.
37.
Graffam, S. , & Johnson, A. (1987). A comparison of two relaxation strategies for the relief of pain and its distress. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 2, 229-231.
38.
Lyles, J., Burish, T., Krozely, M., & Oldham, R. (1982). Efficacy of relaxation training and guided imagery in reducing the aversiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 509-524.
39.
Raft D., Smith R., & Warren, N. (1986). Selection of imagery in the relief of chronic and acute clinical pain. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 30, 481-488.
40.
Spiegel, D. (1986). The use of hypnosis in controlling cancer pain. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians , 35, 221-231.
41.
Ferrell, B.R. , Rhiner, M., & Rivera, L. (1993). Empowering patients to control pain. Current Issues in Cancer Nursing Practice Updates , 2(4), 1-9.
42.
Dillon, K., Minchoff, B., & Baker, K. (1985). Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine , 15(1), 13-17.
43.
Adams, P., & Mylander, M. (1992). Good health is a laughing matter. Caring, 11(12), 16-20.
44.
Berk, L., Tan, S., Fry, W., Napier, B., Lee, J., Hubbard, R., Lewis, J., & Eby, W. (1989). Neuroendocrine and stress hormone changes during mirthful laughter. The American Journal of Medical Sciences , 289, 390-396.
