This study delves into an exploration of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of the essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon, garlic, and onion on Salmonella Enteritidis. Firstly, disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques were employed to assess the antibacterial activity of the EOs. Additionally, the study explored the effect of these EOs on both initial cell attachment and 24 h-preformed biofilms. The crystal violet assay was implemented to evaluate biofilm biomass. The findings revealed that cinnamon EO exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity. Furthermore, initial cell attachment inhibition at MIC ranged between 50 and 65% for the three oils, while inhibition rates on preformed structures were lower than 40% for all EOs at this MIC concentration. The study also found that the effects of these oils were dosage- and time-dependent (p < 0.05), thereby urging the adoption of these natural extracts as effective strategies for combating Salmonella biofilms.
AdelakunOEOyeladeOJOlanipekunBF (2016) Use of essential oils in food preservation. In: Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Elsevier, pp. 71–84.
2.
Al-TurkiAI (2007) Antibacterial effect of thyme, peppermint, sage, black pepper and garlic hydrosols against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella Enteritidis. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment5: 92–94.
3.
ArmbrusterCRParsekMR (2018) New insight into the early stages of biofilm formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences115(17): 4317–4319.
4.
BalouiriMSadikiMIbnsoudaSK (2016) Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis6(2): 71–79.
5.
BeloinCRouxAGhigoJ-M (2008) Escherichia coli biofilms. In: RomeoT (ed.) Bacterial Biofilms. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 249–289.
6.
BenkebliaN (2004) Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum). LWT - Food Science and Technology37(2): 263–268.
7.
BorgesKAFurianTQDe SouzaSN, et al. (2018) Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from avian sources is partially related with their in vivo pathogenicity. Microbial Pathogenesis118: 238–241.
8.
ČabalováIČešekBMikalaO, et al. (2019) The influence of selected efficient compounds of essential oils for paper protection. Journal of Cultural Heritage37: 148–154.
9.
ČabarkapaIČolovićRĐuragićO, et al. (2019) Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Enteritidis. Biofouling35(3): 361–375.
10.
CondòCAnacarsoISabiaC, et al. (2020) Antimicrobial activity of spices essential oils and its effectiveness on mature biofilms of human pathogens. Natural Product Research34(4): 567–574.
11.
DhifiWBelliliSJaziS, et al. (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines3(4): 25.
12.
DjordjevicDWiedmannMMcLandsboroughLA (2002) Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology68(6): 2950–2958.
13.
EbaniVVNardoniSBertelloniF, et al. (2019) In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis and typhimurium strains isolated from poultry. Molecules24(5): 900.
14.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2023) EUCAST Disk Diffusion Method for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.
15.
European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022) The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA Journal20(12): 1–222.
16.
FerreiraLRosarioDSilvaP, et al. (2019) Cinnamon essential oil reduces adhesion of food pathogens to polystyrene. International Food Research Journal26(3): 1103–1110.
17.
FirminoDFCavalcanteTTAGomesGA, et al. (2018) Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum Sp. essential oil and cinnamaldehyde: Antimicrobial activities. The Scientific World Journal2018: 1–9.
18.
GirishVMLiangHAguilanJT, et al. (2019) Anti-biofilm activity of garlic extract loaded nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine20: 102009.
19.
GollerCCRomeoT (2008) Environmental influences on biofilm development. In: RomeoT (ed.) Bacterial Biofilms. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 37–66.
20.
GolusJSawickiRWidelskiJ, et al. (2016) The agar microdilution method - a new method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for essential oils and plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology121(5): 1291–1299.
21.
GrayJAChandryPSKaurM, et al. (2018) Novel biocontrol methods for Listeria monocytogenes biofilms in food production facilities. Frontiers in Microbiology9: 605.
22.
HerediaNGarcíaS (2018) Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: A review. Animal Nutrition4(3): 250–255.
23.
JadhavSShahRBhaveM, et al. (2013) Inhibitory activity of yarrow essential oil on Listeria planktonic cells and biofilms. Food Control29(1): 125–130.
24.
JamalMAhmadWAndleebS, et al. (2018) Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association81(1): 7–11.
25.
LewisK (2005) Persister cells and the riddle of biofilm survival. Biochemistry (Moscow)70(2): 267–274.
26.
LiraMCRodriguesJBAlmeidaETC, et al. (2020) Efficacy of oregano and rosemary essential oils to affect morphology and membrane functions of noncultivable sessile cells of Salmonella Enteritidis 86 in biofilms formed on stainless steel. Journal of Applied Microbiology128(2): 376–386.
27.
MarshPD (2010) Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. Journal of Dentistry38: S11–S15.
28.
MeloADBAmaralAFSchaeferG, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial effect against different bacterial strains and bacterial adaptation to essential oils used as feed additives. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research (Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire)79(4): 285–289.
29.
PangXChenLYukH-G (2020) Stress response and survival of Salmonella Enteritidis in single and dual species biofilms with Pseudomonas fluorescens following repeated exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology325: 108643.
30.
PercivalSLWilliamsDW (2014) Salmonella. In: Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases. Elsevier, pp. 209–222.
31.
Raybaudi-MassiliaRMMosqueda-MelgarJMartín-BellosoO (2006) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria innocua in fruit juices. Journal of Food Protection69(7): 1579–1586.
32.
RíosJ-L (2016) Essential oils. In: Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 3–10.
33.
RodriguesDTeixeiraPOliveiraR, et al. (2011) Salmonella enterica Enteritidis biofilm formation and viability on regular and triclosan-impregnated bench cover materials. Journal of Food Protection74(1): 32–37.
34.
SandasiMLeonardCMViljoenAM (2008) The effect of five common essential oil components on Listeria monocytogenes biofilms. Food Control19(11): 1070–1075.
35.
SandasiMLeonardCMViljoenAM (2010) The in vitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes: Anti-biofilm activity. Letters in Applied Microbiology50(1): 30–35.
36.
ShangACaoS-YXuX-Y, et al. (2019) Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods (Basel, Switzerland)8(7): 246.
37.
SharmaKMahatoNLeeYR (2018) Systematic study on active compounds as antibacterial and antibiofilm agent in aging onions. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis26(2): 518–528.
38.
SkowronKWałecka-ZacharskaEGrudlewskaK, et al. (2019) Disinfectant susceptibility of biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes under selected environmental conditions. Microorganisms7(9): 280.
39.
SolanoCEcheverzMLasaI (2014) Biofilm dispersion and quorum sensing. Current Opinion in Microbiology18: 96–104.
40.
SomraniMDebbabiHPalopA (2022) Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oil of clove against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Science and Technology International28(4): 331–339.
41.
SomraniMInglésM-CDebbabiH, et al. (2020) Garlic, onion, and cinnamon essential oil anti-biofilms’ effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Foods (Basel, Switzerland)9(5): 567.
42.
SpoeringALLewisK (2001) Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials. Journal of Bacteriology183(23): 6746–6751.
43.
ValerianoCDe OliveiraTLCDe CarvalhoSM, et al. (2012) The sanitizing action of essential oil-based solutions against Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis S64 biofilm formation on AISI 304 stainless steel. Food Control25(2): 673–677.
44.
VenkatesanNPerumalGDobleM (2015) Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria. Future Microbiology10(11): 1743–1750.
45.
ZhangYLiuXWangY, et al. (2016) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control59: 282–282.
