Review: Confocal scanning laser microscopy. A powerful tool in food science Revision: Microscopía láser confocal de barrido. Una potente herramienta en la ciencia de los alimentos
Restricted accessReview articleFirst published online August, 2000
Review: Confocal scanning laser microscopy. A powerful tool in food science Revision: Microscopía láser confocal de barrido. Una potente herramienta en la ciencia de los alimentos
Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) is a recently developed light microscopy technique which permits observation of selected levels within thick samples. CSLM improves the resolution along the viewing axis and permits optical sectioning of the sample. Sample preparation is not time consuming and changes the original structure of the specimen only minimally. In this way structures involved in kinetic processes of food materials exposed to external stress situations can be visualized. In this review the contributions of CSLM to improving the understanding of various processes in different fields of food science are discussed. The fundamentals of the operations required are considered, including a discussion of common laser sources and different kinds of fluorescent dyes. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of sample preparation, as well as to the possibilities of image processing in order to improve and analyze the images collected. The quantitative analysis of plant organizations and cellular structures in plant material by CSLM is reported as well as the use of CSLM to image the structure of emulsions of different complexity and to locate microorganisms in a wide range of food products.
Ablett S. (1992). Overview of NMR applications in food science. Trends in Food Science and Technology3: 246-248.
2.
Adler J., Baldwin P.M. and Melia C.D. (1994). Starch damage part II: Types of damage in ball-milled potato starch, upon dehydration observed by confocal microscopy. Starch/Stärke46: 252-256.
3.
Aguilera J.M. and Stanley D.W. (1990). Microstructural Principles of Food Processing and Engineering. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
4.
Bacallao R., Kiai K. and Jesaitis L. (1995). Guiding principles of specimen preservation for confocal fluorescence microscopy. In. Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 311-325.
5.
Blanc B. and Haettenschwiler J. (1973). Radiologie in der Kaesertechnik . Alimenta12: 95-100.
6.
Blonk J.C.G. and van Aalst H. (1993). Confocal scanning light microscopy in food research . Food Research International26: 297-311.
7.
Blonk J.C.G., van Eendenburg J., Koning M.M.G., Weisenborn P.C.M. and Winkel C. (1995). A new CSLM-based method for determination of the phase behaviour of aqueous mixtures of biopolymers. Carbohydrate Polymers28: 287-295.
8.
Brakenhoff G.J., van derVoort H.T.M., van Sprosen E.A. and Nanninga N. (1988 ). 3-Dimensional imaging of biological structures by high resolution scanning laser microscopy. Scanning Microscopy2: 33-40.
9.
Braselton J.P., Wilkinson M.J. and Clulow S.A. (1996). Feulgen staining of intact plant tissues for confocal microscopy. Biotechnic andHistochemistry71: 84-87.
10.
Casero P.J. and Knox J.P. (1995). The monoclonal antibody JIM5 indicates patterns of pectin deposition in relation to pit fields at the plasma-membrane-face of tomato pericarp cell walls. Protoplasma188: 133-137.
11.
Cetonze V. and Pawley J.B. (1995). Tutorial on practical confocal microscopy and use of the confocal test specimen. In Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 19-37.
12.
Chen H., Swedlow J.R., Grote M., Sedat J.W. and Agard D.A. (1995). The collection, processing, and display of digital three-dimensional images of biological specimens. In. Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy . New York: Plenum Press. pp. 197-210.
13.
Cross H.R. and Belk K.E. (1994). Objective measurements of carcass and meat quality. MeatScience36: 191-202.
14.
Delaquis P.J., Cariépy C. and Montpetit D. (1992). Confocal scanning laser microscopy of porcine muscle colonized by meat spoilage bacteria. FoodMicrobiology9: 147-153.
15.
Derksen J., Rutten T., Lichtscheidl I.K., de Win A.H.N., Pierson E.S. and Rongen G. (1995). Quantitative analysis of the distribution of organelles in tobacco pollen tubes: implications for exocytosis and endocytosis. Protoplasma188: 267-276.
16.
Dugas C.M., Li Q., Kahn I. and Nothagel E.A. (1989). Lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane of maize protoplasts with implications for cell culture. Planta179: 387-396.
17.
Fricker M.D., Chow C.M., Errington R.J., May M., Mellor J., Meyer A.J., Tlalka M., Vaux D.J., Wood J. and White N.S. (1997). Quantitative imaging of intact cells and tissues by multi-dimensional confocal fluorescence microsocopy. Experimental Biology Online2:19 (http://link.springer.de).
18.
Furtula V., Walko R.M. and Nothnagel E.A. (1987). Direct covalent linkage of fluorescent probes to the plant protoplast surface. Protoplasma139: 117-119.
19.
Galbraith D.W. and Mauch T.J. (1980). Identification of fusion of plant protoplasts II: Conditions for the reproducible fluorescence labelling of protoplasts derived from mesophyll tisuue. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie98: 129-140.
20.
Gratton E. and van de Ven M.J. (1995). Laser sources for confocal microscopy. In: Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 69-97.
21.
Hassan A.N., Frank J.F., Farmer M.A., Schmidt K.A. and Shalabi S.I. (1995a). Formation of yogurt microstructure and three-dimensional visualization as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Journal of Dairy Science78: 2629-2636.
22.
Hassan A.N., Frank J.F., Farmer M.A., Schmidt K.A. and Shalabi S.I. (1995b). Observation of encapsulated lactic acid bacteria using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Journal of Dairy Science78: 2624-2628.
23.
Haugland P.H. (1996). Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals. Eugene, OR, USA: Molecular ProbesInc.
24.
Hause B., van Veennendaal W.L.H., Hause G. and van Lammeren A.A.M. (1997). Expression of polarity during early development of microspore-derived and zygotic embryos of Brassica napus L. cv. Topas. Botanica Acta107: 407-415.
25.
Heertje I., Nedeldorf J., Hendrickx H.A.C.M. and Lucassen-Reynders E.H. (1990). The observation of emulsifiers by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Food Structure9: 305-316.
26.
Heertje I., van der Vlist P., Blonk J.C.G., Hendrickx H.A.C.M. and Brakenhoff G.J. (1987). Confocal scanning laser microscopy in food research: Some observations. Food Microstructure6: 115-120.
27.
Hepler P.K. and Gunning B.E.S. (1998). Confocal fluorescence microscopy of plant cells . Protoplasma201: 121-157.
28.
Hutzler P., Fischbach R., Heller W., Jungblut T.P., Reuber S., Schmitz R., Veit M., Weissenböck G. and Schnitzler J.P. (1998). Tissue localization of phenolic compounds in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Experimental Botany49: 953-965.
29.
Ionué S. (1995). Foundations of confocal scanned imaging in light microscopy. In. Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 1-17.
30.
Jackman R.L. and Stanley D.W. (1995). Perspectives in the textural evaluation of plant foods. Trends in Food Science and Technology6: 187-194.
31.
Kaláb M., Allan-Wojtas P. and Miller S.S. (1995). Microscopy and other imaging techniques in food structure analysis. Trends in Food Science and Technology6: 177-186.
32.
Kim Y.D., Frank J.F. and Craven S.E. (1996). Three-dimensional visualization of Salmonella attachment to poultry skin using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Letters in Applied Microbiology22: 280-282.
33.
Krolenko S.A., Amos W.B. and Lucy J.A. (1995). Reversible vacuolation of the transverse tubules of frog skeletal muscle: a confocal fluorescence microscopy study. Journal of Muscle Research andCell Motility16: 401-411.
34.
Lapsley K.G., Escher F.E. and Hoehn E. (1992). The cellular structure of selected apple varieties . Food Structure11: 339-349.
35.
Lucey J.A. and Singh H. (1998). Formation and physical properties of acid milk gels: a review. Food Research International30: 529-542.
36.
Maas J.L. and Line M.J. (1995). Nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging of strawberry flower buds and fruit. HortScience30: 1090-1096.
37.
Marangoni R., Colombetti G. and Gualtieri P. (1992). Digital filters in image analysis. In: Häder D.P. (ed.), Image Analysis in Biology . Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc. pp. 55-73.
38.
Munk L. ( 1989). Fluorescence Analysis in Foods. London : Longman Group UK Limited.
39.
Pawley J.B. (1995). Fundamental limits in confocal microscopy. In: Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 19-37.
40.
Rigaut J.P., Carvajal-González S. and Vassy J. (1992). Confocal image cytometry—Quantitative analysis of three-dimensional images obtained by confocal scanning microscopy. In: Häder D.P. (ed.), Image Analysis in Biology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc. pp. 109-135.
41.
Running M.P., Clark S.E. and Meyerowitz E.M. (1995). Confocal microscopy of the shoot apex. In: Methods in Cell Biology. London: Academic Press. pp. 217-229.
42.
Sandford B.A., de Feijter A.W., Wade M.H. and Thomas V.L. (1996). A dual fluorescence technique for visualization of Staphylococcus epidermis biofilm using scanning laser microscopy. Journal of Industrial Microbiology16: 46-48.
43.
Sheppard C.J.R. and Cogswell C.J. (1990). Three-dimensional imaging in confocal microscopy . In: Wilson T. (ed.), Confocal Microscopy. London: Academic Press. pp. 143-170
44.
Shotton D.M. (1989). Confocal scanning optical microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. Journal ofCell Science94: 175-206.
45.
Stewart A. and Deacon J.V. (1995). Vital fluorochromes as tracers for fungal growth studies. Biotechnic andHistochemistry70: 57-65.
46.
Strasburg G.M. and Ludescher R.D. (1995). Theory and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy in food research. Trends in Food Science and Technology6: 69-75.
47.
Suzuki K., Tajima T., Takano S., Asano T. and Hasegawa T. (1994). Nondestructive methods for identifying injury to vapor heat-treated papaya. Journal of Food Science59: 855-857.
48.
Swope K.L. and Flickinger M.C. (1996). The use of confocal scanning laser microscopy and other tools to characterize Escherichia coli in a high-cell-density synthetic biofilm. Biotechnology and Bioengineering52: 340-356.
49.
Taylor J.G., Haigler C.H., Kilburn D.G. and Blanton R.L. (1996). Detection of cellulose with improved specificity using laser-based instruments. Biotechnic andHistochemistry71: 215-233.
50.
Terasaki M. and Dailey M.E. (1995). Confocal microscopy of living cells. In. Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 327-346. Tsien R.Y. and Waggoner A. (1995). Fluorophores for confocal microscopy. In. Pawley J.B. (ed.), Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy . New York: Plenum Press. pp. 267-279.
51.
Velinov P.D., Cassens R.G., Greaser M.L. and Fritz J.D. (1990). Confocal scanning optical microscopy of meat products . Journal of Food Science55: 1751-1752.
52.
Verleben J.-P. and Stickens D. (1995). In vivo determination of fibril orientation in plant cell walls with polarization CSLM. Journal of Microscopy177: 1-6.
53.
Watt I.M. (1997). The Principles and Practice of Electron Microscopy . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54.
Wilson T. (1990). Confocal microscopy. In: Wilson T. (ed.), Confocal Microscopy. London: Academic Press. pp. 1-64.
55.
Wong Liong J.W., Frank J.F. and Bailey S. (1997). Visualization of eggshell membranes and their interaction with Salmonella enteritidis using confocal scanning laser microscopy . Journal of Food Protection60: 1022-1028.
