Within urban scholarship, there is an ongoing interest in the potential for progressive alternatives to growth-oriented economic development. This article examines the experience of two U.S. cities, Portland (Oregon) and Chicago, in the use of “First Source Hiring” policies from the late 1970s through the 1990s. Although Portland’s policy endured over a long period of time, it has fallen into obscurity, while Chicago’s program was short lived but stimulated a period of significant innovation within the workforce development field in its wake. I conclude that their respective experiences illustrate why and when history matters, calling attention to the importance of institutionalization of progressive policies and practices.
AbbottCarl. 1983. Portland: Planning, Politics and Growth in a Twentieth-Century City. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press.
2.
AlexanderStephen J.2007. “Equity Policies and Practices of the Harold Washington Administration: Lessons for Progressive Cities.” In Economic Development in American Cities: The Pursuit of an Equity Agenda, edited by BennettMichael I. J.GilothRobert P., 213–35. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
3.
BarnekovTimothyRichDaniel. 1989. “Privatism and the Limits of Local Economic Development Policy.” Urban Affairs Review25 (2): 212–38. doi:10.1177/004208168902500203.
4.
BartikTimothy J.1991. Who Benefits from State and Local Economic Development Policies?Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
5.
BartikTimothy J.2001. “The Effects of Increased Labor Demand.” In Jobs for the Poor: Can Labor Demand Policies Help? (pp. 112–48). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
6.
BartikTimothy J.2007. “Solving the Problems of Economic Development Incentives.” In Reining the Competition for Capital, edited by MarkusenAnn, 103–39. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
7.
BeauregardRobert A.1987. “Resident Hiring Preference Ordinances: A Comparative Analysis.” Economic Development Quarterly1 (2): 124–35. doi:10.1177/089124-248700100204.
City of Chicago. 1984. Chicago Works Together: 1984 Chicago Development Plan. Chicago: City of Chicago.
10.
ClavelPierre. 1986. The Progressive City: Planning and Participation, 1969-1984. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press.
11.
ClavelPierre. 2010. Activists in City Hall: The Progressive Response to the Reagan Era in Boston and Chicago. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
12.
ClavelPierreWiewelWim. 1991. Harold Washington and the Neighborhoods: Progressive City Government in Chicago, 1983-1987. New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press.
13.
Committee to Elect Harold Washington. 1983. The Washington Papers. Chicago: Committee to Elect Harold Washington.
14.
FitzgeraldJoan. 2004. “Moving the Workforce Intermediary Agenda Forward.” Economic Development Quarterly18 (1): 3–9.
15.
FitzgeraldJoanLeighNancey G.2002. Economic Revitalization: Cases and Strategies for City and Suburb. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
16.
GibsonKaren J.2007. “Bleeding Albina: A History of Community Disinvestment, 1940-2000.” Transforming Anthropology15 (1): 3–25.
17.
GilothRobert P.GerwitzSusan. 2009. “Philanthropy and Mistakes: An Untapped Resource.” The Foundation Review1 (1): 115–24.
18.
GilothRobert P.MoeKari J.1999. “Jobs, Equity, and the Mayoral Administration of Harold Washington in Chicago.” Policy Studies Journal27 (1): 129–46.
19.
GlasmeierAmyNelsonCandaceThompsonJeffery W.2000. Jane Addams Resource Corporation: A Case Study of a Sectoral Employment Development Approach. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.
20.
GoetzEdward G.1990. “Type II Policy and Mandated Benefits in Economic Development.” Urban Affairs Review26 (2): 170–90.
21.
GoetzEdward G.1994. “Expanding Possibilities in Local Development Policy: An Examination of U.S. Cities.” Political Research Quarterly47:87–109.
22.
HarrisonBennettWeissMarcusGantJon. 1994. Building Bridges: Community Development Corporations and the World of Employment Training. New York: Ford Foundation.
23.
HarveyDavid. 1989. “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography71 (1): 3–17.
24.
HoStacyHaysJeremy. 2011. High Road Outcomes in Portland’s Energy Efficiency Upgrade Pilot. Oakland: Green for All.
25.
ImbroscioDavid L.1997. Reconstructing City Politics: Alternative Economic Development and Urban Regimes. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
26.
ImbroscioDavid L.2010. Urban America Reconsidered: Alternatives for Governance and Policy. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
27.
KazisRichardSabonisPeter. 1979. Leveraging with a Toothpick: The Carter Administration’s Private Sector Strategy for Job Creation: An Analysis of Private Sector Strategies for Employing the Structurally Unemployed. Washington, DC: National Center for Jobs & Justice.
28.
LindbergMikeMazziottiDonaldHoveeEric. 1978. “‘First Source’ Employment Agreements: The Economic and Policy Rationale.” Office of Planning and Development, City of Portland Archives & Records Center, City of Portland.
29.
LoganJohn R.MolotchHarvey. 1987. Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
30.
MangcuXolela.1997. “Harold Washington and the Cultural Transformation of Local Government in Chicago, 1983–1987.” Doctoral dissertation, Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
31.
McGovernStephen J.2013. “Ambivalence Over Participatory Planning Within a Progressive Regime Waterfront Planning in Philadelphia.” Journal of Planning Education and Research33 (3): 310–24.
32.
MierRobert. 1994. “Some Observations on Race in Planning.” Journal of the American Planning Association60 (2): 235–40.
33.
MolinaFrieda. 1998. Making Connections: A Study of Employment Linkage Programs. Washington, DC: Center for Community Change.
34.
ParksVirginiaWarrenDorian. 2009. “The Politics and Practice of Economic Justice: Community Benefits Agreements as Tactic of the New Accountable Development Movement.” Journal of Community Practice17 (1): 88–106.
35.
PetersonPaul E.1981. City Limits. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
36.
PiercyDay. 1986. “Chicago First Jobs Program (Non-Construction Jobs): Recommendations”. Chicago, IL: Chicago Jobs Council.
37.
RastJoel. 1999. Remaking Chicago: The Political Origins of Urban Industrial Change. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Univ. Press.
38.
RastJoel. 2005. “The Politics of Alternative Development: Revisiting the Stone-Imbroscio Debate.” Journal of Urban Affairs27 (1): 53–69.
39.
ReardonKenneth M.1990. “Local Economic Development in Chicago 1983-1987: The Reform Efforts of Mayor Harold Washington.” Doctoral dissertation, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
40.
ReskinBarbaraRoosPatricia. 1990. “Queueing and Changing Occupational Composition.” In Job Queues, Gender Queues,29–65. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
41.
SavitchHank V.KantorPaul. 2002. Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North American and Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
ScottW. Richard. 2008. Institutions and Organizations: Ideas and Interests. 3rd ed.Los Angeles: Sage.
44.
StoneClarence N.1993. “Urban Regimes and the Capacity to Govern: A Political Economy Approach.” Journal of Urban Affairs15 (1): 1–28.
45.
ThurowLester C.1975. Generating Inequality: Mechanisms of Distribution in the U.S. Economy. New York: Basic Books.
46.
TolbertPamela S.ZuckerLynne G.1996. “The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory.” In Handbook of Organization Studies, edited by CleggStewart R.HardyCynthiaNordWalter R., 175–90. London: Sage Publications.
47.
Van HornCarl E.BeauregardRobert A.FordDavid S.1986. “Local Economic Development and Job Targeting.” In Local Economies in Transition: Policy Realities and Development Potentials, edited by BergmanEdward M., 226–47. Durham: Duke Univ. Press.
48.
Wolf-PowersLaura. 2010. “Community Benefits Agreements and Local Government.” Journal of the American Planning Association76 (2): 141–59.
49.
ZuckerLynne G.1977. “The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence.” American Sociological Review42 (5): 726–43.
