Autarchy, self-reliance, and distinctiveness of an intellectual tradition in a society can be
expected to be promoted by isolation of the society. Until the early 1990s, geopolitical constraints
made science in the Soviet Union a case of comparatively high isolation. Measures derived from
the publications by Soviet scientists and their responses to questionnaires, however, show that,
in considerable degrees, their selection of problems was influenced by Western literature, their
solutions to selected problems relied on results from the West, and they emulated, deferred to,
and valued recognition from peers in the West. Although Soviet science was a regional center
within the Eastern Bloc, it was also—and is increasingly more so—a periphery attached to the
Western centers of scientific influence.
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