This article argues that the role of the state is vitally important in the process of institu
tionalization of modern science and technology in non- Western societies. The sustained
institutionalization of modern science and technology in a given society depends
primarily on three sets of conditions: the prevalence of a creative, competitive, and
relatively autonomous internal environment for the doing of science; the cultivation of
dynamic linkages between the society's institutions of scientific work and those of the
global knowledge system; and the establishment of appropriate and adaptive linkages
between its own knowledge system and its knowledge-utilizing regions of development.
The nature and degree of development in these spheres of institutionalization will
significantly depend on how the strategic political, bureaucratic, and intellectual elites
in non- Western societies perceive the nature, role, and significance of modern science
and technology. The cases of the institutionalization of modern science and technology
in Japan and India provide some justifications to this claim.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alvares, C.A. (1980) Homo Faber: Technology and Culture in India, China, and the West from 1500 to the Present Day. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
2.
Ben-David, J. (1979) "The central planning of science," in J. Farkas (ed.) Sociology of Science and Research . Budapest: Akademiai Klado.
3.
———( 1971) The Scientist's Role in Society: A Comparative Study. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall .
4.
Bernel, J.D. (1939) The Social Function of Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5.
Bharati, A. (1971) "The language of modem Hinduism: cognitive models and ethnoscientific analysis," in R. J. Miller (ed.) Reglious Ferment in Asia. Lawrence : Univ. Press of Kansas.
6.
Bose, D. et al. (1971) A Concise History of Science in India. New Delhi: National Science Academy.
7.
Brewster, D. (1975) "Review of reflections on the decline of science in England and on some of its causes by Charles Babbage," in Y. Elkana et al. (eds.) Debates on the Decline of Science. New York: Arno.
8.
Brooks, H. (1968) The Government of Science. Cambridge: MIT Press.
9.
Campbell, D.T. (1979) "A tribal model of the social system vehicle carrying scientific knowledge." Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization1, 1: 181-201.
10.
Chattopadhyaya, D. (1978) Science and Society in Ancient India. Amsterdam: B. R. Gruner.
11.
Crowther, J.G. (1968) Science in Modern Society. New York: Schocken.
12.
Dedijer, S. (1964) "Underdeveloped science in underdeveloped countries ," in E. Shils (ed.) Criteria from Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals. Cambridge: MIT Press.
13.
Dharmapal, S. (1971) Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century. Delhi: Impex India.
14.
Dupree, A.H. (1957) Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
15.
Evan, W. M. [ed.] (1981) Knowledge and Power in a Global Society. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
16.
Farrington, B. (1946) Science and Politics in the Ancient World. London: Allen & Unwin.
17.
Gillispie, C.C. (1980) Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
18.
Gilpin, R. (1968) France in the Age of the Scientific State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
19.
Hayasahi, Y. (1970) "The problems and methods of financing scientific research in Japan," in The Role of Science and Technology in Economic Development. Paris: UNESCO .
20.
Holzner, B. and E. Fisher (1979) "Knowledge in use: considerations in the sociology of knowledge application." Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization1, 2.
21.
---and J. Marx ( 1979) Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society . Boston: Allyn & Bacon .
22.
Holzner, B. and L. Salmon-Cox (1982) "Knowledge systems and the role of knowledge synthesis in linkages for knowledge use." Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh, Center for International Studies. (mimeo)
23.
Japan Economic Yearbook (1979-1980 Japan: The Oriental Economist.
24.
Krishan, Y. (1976) "Science in Indian ethos." J. of Intercultural Studies3: 23-32.
25.
Kroeber, A.L. (1963) Anthropology: Cultural Patterns and Processes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
26.
Larwood, H.J.C. (1961) "Science and education in India before the mutiny ." Annals of Science17, 1: 81-96.
27.
Law, R.N. (1916) Promotion of Learning in India During Muhammadan Rule. London: Longmans.
28.
Merton, R.K. (1970) Science Technology in the Seventeenth Century England . New York: Harper & Row.
29.
Miliband, R. (1973) The State in Capitalist Society. London: Quartel Books.
30.
Moran, B.T. (1981) "German prince-practitioners: aspects in the development of courtly science, technology, and procedures in the Renaissance." Technology and Culture:22, 2: 253-274.
31.
Morehouse, W. (1971) Science in India: Institution Building in the Organizational System for Research and Development. Bombay and Hyderabad: Administrative Staff College of India and Popular Prakashan.
32.
———( 1969) "Nehru and science: the vision of new India." Indian J. of Public Administration15: 489-508.
33.
———[ed.] (1968) Science and the Human Condition in India and Pakistan . New York: Rockefeller University .
34.
Nagai, M. (1971) "Westernization and Japanesization: the early Meiji transformation of education," in D. H. Shively (ed.) Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture . Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
35.
Nakayama, S. (1974) "History of science—a subject for the frustrated ," in S. Nakayama et al. (eds.) Science and Society in Modern Japan. Cambridge : MIT Press.
36.
Nasr, S.H. (1976) Islamic Sciences: An Illustrated Study. England: World Islamic Festival Company.
37.
Nayar, B.R. (1983) India's Quest for Technological Independence. New Delhi: Lancers.
38.
Nelson, B. (1981) On the Roads to Modernity: Conscience, Science and Civilization (Toby E. Huff, ed.). Totowa, NJ: Rowan and Littlefield .
39.
———( 1972) "Conscience, sciences and the structures of consciousness ." Main Currents in Modern Thought29.
40.
Nelson, R. R. [ed.] (1982) Government and Technical Progress: A Cross-Industry Analysis. New York: Pergamon.
41.
Nelson, W.R. (1968) The Politics of Science: Readings in Science, Technology and Government. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
42.
Olson, R. (1982) Science Deifield and Science Defied: The Historical Significance of Science in Western Culture. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
43.
Parsons, T. (1959) "An approach to the sociology of knowledge." Transactions of the Fourth World Congress of Sociology4: 25-49.
44.
Polanyi, M. (1951) The Logic of Liberty. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul.
45.
Price, D.C. (1964) Government and Science: Their Dynamic Relations in American Democracy. New York: New York Univ. Press.
46.
Puchala, D.J. and R.F. Hopkins (1983) "International regimes: lessons for inductive analysis ," in S. D. Krauser (ed.) International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
47.
Quisar, A.J. (1982) The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture: 1498-1707 A.DDelhi: Oxford Univ. Press.
48.
Rahman, A. (1968) "Historical and social factors in the development of science in India," in W. Morehouse (ed.) Science and the Human Condition in India and Pakistan. New York: Rockefeller Univ. Press.
49.
Richard, S. (1975) "A letter to the board of visitors of the Greenwitch Royal Observatory in reply to the calumnies of Mr. Babbage at their meeting in June 1853, and his book entitled the Exposition of 1851," in Y. Elkana et al., Selected Debates on the Decline of Science. New York: Arno .
50.
Sagasti, F.R. (1979) Technology, Planning and Self-reliant Development: A Latin American View. New York: Praeger.
51.
Schaedel, P.R. (1978) "Early state of the Incas," in H. M. Claessen and P. Skalnik (eds.) The Early State. The Hague : Mouton.
52.
Seneviratne, S. (1978) "The mauryan state," in H. M. Claessen and P. Skalnik (eds.) The Early State. The Hague: Mouton.
53.
Shils, E. (1970) "Tradition, ecology and institution in the history of sociology." Daedalus99: 760-825.
54.
———( 1968) Criteria for Scientific Development: Public Policy and National Goals. Cambridge: MIT Press .
55.
Sugimoto, M. and D.L. Swain (1978) Science and Culture in Traditional Japan: A.D. 600-1854. Cambridge: MIT Press.
56.
Swain D.L. (1974) "Introduction," in N. Shigeru and D. L. Swain (eds.) Science and Society in Modern Japan. Cambridge : MIT Press.
57.
Unesco (1972) National Science Policy and the Orgnization of Scientific Research in India. Paris: UNESCO Press.
58.
———( 1971) Science for Development: An Essay on the Origin and Organization of National Science Policies. Paris: UNESCO Press.
59.
———( 1967) Science Policy and the Organization of Research in Japan . Paris: UNESCO Press .
