This article discusses the legacy of Tokugawa (1600-1867) feudalism and its meaning for
modern science in Japan (1868-1920). With "feudalism" defined in terms of former
samurai roles and privileges, its importance is considered in respect to the formation of a
scientific community, creation of research institutions, decision making about science,
and scientists' conduct in the laboratory setting. Special attention is also given to the impact of World War I on the policies and patterns of conduct associated, in part, with
this earlier tradition. Analysis does not ignore Western influence but does stress the
Japanese background. The principal conclusions are these: Most scientists in the period
were samurai because of opportunity and motivation. A tendency to conflate science
with technology and the government's desire to retain jurisdiction were forces in how
institutions for research evolved. Role expectations for scientists did restrict their participation in public decisions that shaped their careers. And the feudalistic legacy in the
laboratory setting was more positive than often suggested.
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