Evaluation of Workforce Safety and Training in Industry 4.0: A Review on Incorporating Immersive Technology and Wearable

Abstract

Industry 4.0 is transforming manufacturing through automation and human–cyber–physical system integration, increasing the complexity of workforce roles. Traditional training methods often fall short in preparing workers for these digitally integrated settings, leading to performance and safety concerns. This review explores current training methods commonly used to train workforce health, safety, and key skills, along with their effectiveness. The findings highlight that immersive technologies improve decision-making, hazard detection, and procedure compliance, while wearable sensors enhance real-time feedback and risk mitigation. Despite these benefits, adoption of these technologies remains limited due to design and infrastructural constraints. The study emphasizes the need for adaptive, ergonomically informed training practices that integrate immersive technologies and real-time feedback to build a safer, more resilient workforce.