This study examines the influence of motivational cultural intelligence (CQ) on the development of cultural effectiveness among university short-term business study abroad program participants. We conceptualize cultural effectiveness as the degree of psychological comfort and success in managing intercultural demands. Results of a multiple-source, two-wave lagged study demonstrate that initial levels of motivational CQ were positively associated with increases in (a) cultural well-being reported by participants and (b) peer perceptions of suitability for overseas work. In addition, cultural identity, an individual’s psychological identification with his or her own national culture, strengthened the time-lagged relationship between motivational CQ and peer-rated suitability for overseas work. Participants with strong cultural identity and low motivational CQ were viewed as the least suitable for an overseas job. We discuss practical implications for designing cross-cultural education programs and implications for future research.
AndersonP. H.LawtonL.RexeisenR. J.HubbardA. C. (2006). Short-term study abroad and intercultural sensitivity: A pilot study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 457-469.
2.
AngS.Van DyneL. (Eds.). (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 3-15). Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.
3.
AngS.Van DyneL.KohC.NgK. Y.TemplerK. J.TayC.ChandrasekarN. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335-371.
4.
BanduraA. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
5.
BhagatR. S.PrienK. O. (1996). Cross-cultural training in organizational contexts. In LandisD.BhagatR. S. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 216-230). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
BlackH. T.DuhonD. L. (2004). Evaluating and improving student achievement in business programs: The effective use of standardized tests. Journal of Education for Business, 79, 90-98.
7.
BlackH. T.DuhonD. L. (2006). Assessing the impact of business study abroad programs on cultural awareness and personal development. Journal of Education for Business, 81, 140-144.
8.
BlackJ. S.MendenhallM.OddouG. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291-317.
9.
BrehmJ. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.
10.
ChenG.KirkmanB. L.KimK.FarhC. I. C.TangiralaS. (2010). When does cross cultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of subsidiary support and cultural distance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1110-1130.
11.
ChenX. P.LiuD.PortnoyR. (2012). A multilevel investigation of motivational cultural intelligence, organizational diversity climate, and cultural sales: Evidence from U.S. real estate firms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 93-106.
12.
ChieffoL.GriffithsL. (2004). Large-scale assessment of student attitudes after a short-term study abroad program. Frontiers, 10, 165-177.
CohenJ.CohenP.WestS. G.AikenL. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15.
CushnerK.KarimA. U. (2004). Study abroad at the university level. In LandisD.BennettJ. M.BennettM. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (pp. 289-308). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16.
CushnerK.MahonJ. (2002). Overseas student teaching: Affecting personal, professional, and global competencies in an age of globalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6, 44-58.
17.
de FigueiredoJ. N.MauriA. J. (2013). Developing international managerial skills through the cross-cultural assignment: Experiential learning by matching U.S.-based and international students. Journal of Management Education, 37, 367-399.
18.
DeciE. L.RyanR. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
19.
EarleyP. C.AngS. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
20.
GmelchG. (1997). Crossing cultures: Student travel and personal development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 475-490.
21.
GoldbergD. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire (Maudsley Monograph No. 21). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
22.
GoldsteinS. B.KimR. I. (2006). Predictors of US college students’ participation in study abroad programs: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 507-521.
23.
GudykunstW.KimY. Y. (1997). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
24.
KimY. J.Van DyneL. (2012). Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology, 61, 272-294.
25.
KoernigS. (2007). Planning, organizing, and conducting a 2-week study abroad trip for undergraduate students: Guidelines for first-time faculty. Journal of Marketing Education, 29, 210-217.
26.
KolbD. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
27.
KolbA. Y.KolbD. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 193-212.
28.
KosmitzkiC. (1996). The reaffirmation of cultural identity in cross-cultural encounters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 238-248.
29.
LittrellL. N.SalasE.HessK. P.PaleyM.RiedelS. (2006). Expatriate preparation: A critical analysis of 25 years of cross-cultural training research. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 355-388.
30.
LynessK. S.JudieschM. K. (2008). Can a manager have a life and a career? International and multisource perspectives on work-life balance and career advancement potential. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 789-817.
31.
McGuireW. J.McGuireC. V.ChildP.FujiokaT. (1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one’s ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 511-520.
32.
MolinskyA. (2007). Cross cultural code switching: The psychological challenges of adapting behavior in foreign cultural interactions. Academy of Management Review, 32, 622-640.
33.
NgK.Y.Van DyneL.AngS. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8, 511-526.
34.
NguyenA. M. D.Benet-MartínezV. (2007). Biculturalism unpacked: Components, measurement, individual differences, and outcomes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 101-114.
OzcelikH.PaprikaZ. Z. (2010). Developing emotional awareness in cross-cultural communication: A videoconferencing approach. Journal of Management Education, 34, 671-699.
37.
PedersenP. J. (2010). Assessing intercultural effectiveness outcomes in a year-long study abroad program. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 70-80.
RedmondM. V. (2000). Cultural distance as a mediating factor between stress and intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24, 151-159.
40.
RobertsR. E.PhinneyJ. S.MasseL. C.ChenY. R.RobertsC. R.RomeroA. (1999). The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 301-322.
41.
RyanA. M. (2000). Peer groups as a context for the socialization of adolescents’ motivation, engagement, and achievement in school. Educational Psychologist, 35, 101-111.
42.
SachauD.BrasherN.FeeS. (2010). Three models for short-term study abroad. Journal of Management Education, 34, 645-670.
43.
SamD. L.BerryJ. W. (2010). Acculturation when individuals and groups of different cultural backgrounds meet. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 472-481.
44.
SchaubroeckJ.KimY. J.PengA. C. (2012). The self-concept in organizational psychology: Clarifying and differentiating the constructs. In HodgkinsonG. P.FordJ. K. (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 1-38). Malden, MA: John Wiley.
45.
SearleW.WardC. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
46.
ShafferM. A.HarrisonD. A.GregersenH.BlackJ. S.FerzandiL. A. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 109-125.
47.
SitzmannT.ElyK.BrownK. G.BauerK. N. (2010). Self-assessment of knowledge: A cognitive learning or affective measure?Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9, 169-191.
48.
SternbergR. J.DettermanD. K. (Eds.). (1986). What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
49.
SussmanN. M. (2000). The dynamic nature of cultural identity throughout cultural transitions: Why home is not so sweet. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 355-373.
50.
TajfelH. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51.
TchaïchaJ. D.DavisM. M. (2005). The impact of culture on technology and business: An interdisciplinary, experiential course paradigm. Journal of Management Education, 29, 738-757.
52.
TemplerK. J.TayC.ChandrasekarN. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31, 154-173.
53.
ToaleM. C.McCroskeyJ. C. (2001). Ethnocentrism and trait communication apprehension as predictors of interethnic communication apprehension and use of relational maintenance strategies in interethnic communication. Communication Quarterly, 49, 70-83.
54.
TuckerM. L.GulleksonN. L.McCambridgeJ. (2011). Assurance of learning in short-term, study abroad programs. Research in Higher Education Journal, 14, 1-11.
55.
TurnerJ. C.HoggM. A.OakesP. J.ReicherS. D.WetherellM. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
56.
Van Der ZeeK.AtsmaN.BrodbeckF. (2004). The influence of social identity and personality on outcomes of cultural diversity in teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 283-303.
57.
Van DyneL.AngS.KohC. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In AngS.Van DyneL. (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications (pp. 16-38). Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.
58.
Van VianenA. E. M.De PaterI. E.Kristof-BrownA. L.JohnsonE. C. (2004). Fitting in: Surface- and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates’ adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 697-709.
59.
VanceC. M. (2005). The personal quest for building global competence: A taxonomy of self-initiating career path strategies for gaining business experience abroad. Journal of World Business, 40, 374-385.
60.
VanceC. M.SibeckG.McNultyY.HogenauerA. (2011). Building global competencies through experiential coursework in international travel and tourism. Journal of International Education in Business, 4, 30-41.
61.
WardC.ChangW. C. (1997). “Cultural fit”: A new perspective on personality and sojourner adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, 525-533.
62.
WardC.WilsonJ.FischerR. (2011). Assessing the predictive validity of cultural intelligence over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 138-142.
63.
WhalenB. (2008). The management and funding of US study abroad. International Higher Education, 50, 15-16.
64.
YamazakiY.KayesD. C. (2004). An experiential approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3, 362-379.
