Cultural intelligence (CQ) represents a promising advancement in the area of cross-cultural training and management. Experiential approaches for CQ development have been proposed as highly effective; however, there is a lack of CQ-specific approaches in the management literature. This work overviews the concept of cultural intelligence and its relevance to management then highlights an experiential CQ education process and framework. The process, designed to increase CQ capacity by engaging in a new cultural contact experience, was initially developed with two cohorts that included a total of 743 management education participants. Details of the process, supporting theory, related teaching materials, participant evaluation, and participant CQ development indicators are presented and future research directions are discussed.
Abu-NimerM. (1998). Conflict resolution training in the Middle East: Lessons to be learned. International Negotiation, 3, 99-116.
2.
AllenD.YoungM. (1997). From tour guide to teacher: Deepening cross-cultural competence through international experience-based education. Journal of Management Education, 21, 168-189.
3.
AllportG. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4.
AngS.Van DyneL.KohC. (2006). Personality correlates of the four factor model of CQ. Group & Organizational Management, 31, 100-123.
5.
AngS.Van DyneL.KohC.NhK. Y.TemplerK.TayC.ChandrasekarN. A. (2007). CQ: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335-371.
6.
BakerA.JensenP.KolbD. (2009). Conversation as experiential learning. Management Learning, 36, 411-427.
7.
BanduraA. (1977a). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
8.
BanduraA. (1977b). Social learning theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9.
BanduraA. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269-290.
10.
BergerN. (2001). Musavi-Lari: An experiential exercise in diversity awareness. Journal of Management Education, 25, 737-745.
11.
BerryJ.WardC. (2006). Commentary on “redefining interactions across cultures and organizations.”Group & Organization Management, 31, 64-77.
12.
BhawukD. P. S. (2001). Evolution of cultural assimilators: Toward theory-based assimilators. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 141-164.
13.
BhawukD. P. S.BrislinR. (2000). Cross-cultural training: A review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 162-191.
14.
BlackJ.GregersenH. (1999). The right way to manage expats. Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 52-62.
15.
BrislinR. (1991). The art of getting things done: A practical guide to the use of power. New York, NY: Praeger.
BrislinR.MacNabB. (2004). Inter-cultural communication and effective decision making: Contributions to successful international business ventures. In LeungK.WhiteS. (Eds.), Handbook of Asian Management (pp. 397-414). New York, NY: Kluwer.
18.
BrislinR.MacNabB.NayaniF. (2008). Cross-cultural training: Applications and research. In SmithP.PetersonF.ThomasD. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural management research (pp. 397-410). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
19.
BrislinR.WorthleyR.MacNabB. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people’s goals. Group & Organization Management, 31, 40-55.
20.
CoombsG.SarasonY. (1998). Culture circles: A cultural self-awareness exercise. Journal of Management Education, 22, 218-226.
21.
CostaP.McCraeR. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEOPI-R) and New Five Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
22.
CushnerK.BrislinR. (1996). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
23.
DeutschM. (2007, May 26). A career in social psychology. James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award address at the Association for Psychological Science 19th Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
24.
DeweyJ. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Dover.
25.
EarleyC.AngS. (2003). Cultural intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Business Books.
26.
EarleyC.MosakowskiE. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 82(10), 139-146.
27.
EarleyC.PetersonR. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3, 100-115.
28.
GoldsteinD.SmithD. (1999). The analysis of the effects of experiential training on sojourner’s cross-cultural adaptability. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 157-173.
29.
GordonM. (2008). Management education and the base of the pyramid. Journal of Management Education, 32, 767-781.
30.
HallD.ZhuG.YanA. (2001). Developing global leaders: To hold on to them, let them go!Advances in Global Leadership, 2, 327-349.
31.
HamesD. (1998). Training in the land of Doone: An exercise in understanding cultural differences. Journal of Management Education, 22, 430-436.
32.
HazenM. A.CavanaghG.BossmanL. (2004). Teaching with mission: Personal development, team building, and social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 51, 373-386.
33.
HofstedeG. (2003). The universal and the specific in 21st century management. In TjosvoldD.LeungK. (Eds.), Cross-cultural management (pp. 29-42). Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
34.
HumesM.ReillyA. (2008). Managing intercultural teams: The e-organization exercise. Journal of Management Education, 32, 118-137.
35.
ItinC. (1999). Reasserting the philosophy of experiential education as a vehicle for change in the 21st century. Journal of Experiential Education, 22, 91-98.
36.
JennerS.MacNabB.BrislinR.WorthleyR. (2006). Cultural change in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Journal of International Business and Economy, 7, 67-86.
37.
KelleyL.MacNabB.WorthleyR. (2006). Crossvergence and cultural tendencies: A longitudinal test of the Hong Kong, Taiwan and United States banking sectors. Journal of International Management, 12, 67-84.
38.
Kenworthy-U’renA.EricksonA. (2009). Adventure racing and organizational behavior: Using eco challenge video clips to stimulate learning. Journal of Management Education, 33, 420-443.
39.
KogutB.SinghH. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 411-432.
40.
KolbD. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
41.
KraftD.SakofsM. (Eds.). (1988). The theory of experiential education. Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.
42.
LedmanR. (2001). The family impact of expatriate assignments: An experimental exercise. Journal of Management Education, 25, 341-351.
43.
LeeJ. (1966, March/April). Cultural analysis in overseas operations. Harvard Business Review, 44, 106-114.
44.
LovelaceK.ChungY. (2010). An integrated set of exercises for increasing student awareness of issues facing female expatriates. Journal of Management Education, 34, 746-774.
45.
MacNabB. (2009, August). Experiential stereotype awareness training: The relevance of context and self-efficacy. Paper presented at the 2009 Academy of Management annual meeting, Chicago, IL.
46.
MacNabB.BrislinR.GalperinB.LituchyT.WorthleyR. (2007). National homogeneity v. regional specificity: An examination of the Canadian cultural mosaic and whistle-blowing. Canadian Journal of Regional Studies, 30, 293-312.
47.
MacNabB.WorthleyR. (2008). Self-efficacy as an intrapersonal predictor for internal whistle-blowing: A U.S. and Canada examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 79, 407-422.
48.
MacNabB.WorthleyR. (2010, August). An experiential education approach to teaching cultural intelligence: Individual and contextual influences. Paper presented at the Academy of Management (AOM) symposium on cultural intelligence, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
49.
MacNabB.WorthleyR. (2011). Individual characteristics as predictors of cultural intelligence development: The relevance of self-efficacy. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.12.00110.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.12.001
50.
MacNabB.WorthleyR.BrislinR. (2007, November). An experiential approach to teaching CQ: The relevance of context and intra-personal characteristics within the learning process. Paper presented at the Applied Business and Entrepreneurial Association International (ABEAI) conference, Maui, HI.
51.
MallingerM.RossyG. (2003). Film as a lens for teaching culture: Balancing concepts, ambiguity, and paradox. Journal of Management Education, 27, 608-624.
52.
NgK.EarleyC. (2006). Culture + intelligence: Old constructs, new frontiers. Group & Organizational Management, 31, 4-19.
53.
NgK.Van DyneL.AngS. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: CQ as a learning capability for global leadership development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8, 511-526.
54.
OddouG. (2005). A cross-culture exercise: Expat in the marketplace. Journal of Management Education, 29, 758-768.
55.
OslandJ.BirdA.DelanoJ.JacobM. (2000). Beyond sophisticated stereotyping: Culture sensemaking in context. Academy of Management Executive, 14, 65-80.
56.
OzcelikH.PaprikaZ. (2010). Developing emotional awareness in cross-cultural communication: A videoconferencing approach. Journal of Management Education, 34, 671-699.
57.
PedersenP. (2004). 110 experiences for multicultural learning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
58.
RotterJ. (1945). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
59.
Schmidt-WilkJ. (2010). Going abroad. Journal of Management Education, 34, 643-644.
60.
SnyderM. (1982, July). Self-fulfilling stereotypes. Psychology Today, pp. 60-68.
61.
TchaïchaJ.DavisM. (2005). The impact of culture on technology and business: An interdisciplinary, experiential course paradigm. Journal of Management Education, 29, 738-757.
62.
ThomasD. (2006). Domain and development of CQ. Group & Organization Management, 31, 78-99.
63.
ThomasD.InksonK. (2003). Cultural intelligence: People skills for global business. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
64.
TriandisH. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31, 20-26.
65.
Van DyneL.AngS.KohC. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In AngS.Van DyneL., (Eds.), Handbook on cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications (pp. 16-38). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
66.
WeissS. (2003). Teaching the cultural aspects of negotiation: A range of experiential techniques. Journal of Management Education, 27, 96-122.
67.
WilkinsonL. (2007). A developmental approach to uses of moving pictures in intercultural education. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 1-27.
