This study of mono- and intercultural decision-making groups ascertains the kind of leadership rule structure apparent in each group type before and after group interaction. Further, a stochastic analysis of decision making is conducted to illuminate some of the differences between group types in leader communication over time. Each monocultural group presented an internally consistent set of leadership rules prior to group interaction; however, each intercultural group initially presented internally varied rules. Fewer message types and interact patterns are used in the intercultural than in the monocultural groups. Intercultural groups also use more evaluative responses and fewer reciprocal communication behaviors.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alderton, S. (1979) "Five dimensions in racial-based communication stereotypes," in M. Asante, E. Newmark, and C. Blake (eds.) Handbook of Intercultural Communication. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
2.
Asch, S. (1956) "Studies of independence and conformity. 1. A minority of one against a unanimous majority." Psych. Monographs70.
3.
Bales, R. (1950) Interaction Process Analysis. Cambrige, MA: Addison-Wesley.
4.
Berry, J. (1967) "Independence and conformity in subsistence-level societies." J. of Personality and Social Psychology7: 415-418.
5.
Cartwright, D. and A. Zander [eds.](1968) Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
6.
Crowelli, L. and T. Scheidel (1961) "Categories for analysis of idea development in discussion groups." J. of Social Psychology54: 155-168.
7.
Cushman, D. and W.B. Pearce (1917) "Generality and necessity in three types of communication theory." Human Communication Research3: 344-353.
8.
Cushman, D. and Z. Whiting (1972) "An approach to communication theory: toward consensus on rules." J. of Communication22: 217-238.
9.
Ellis, D. and B.A. Fisher (1975) "Phases of conflict in group development." Human Communication Research1: 195-212.
10.
Festinger, L. (1968) "Informal social communication," in D. Cartwright and A. Zander (eds.) Group Dynamics: Research and Theory. New York: Harper & Row.
11.
Fisher, B.A. (1980) Small Group Decision-Making. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12.
Frager, R. (1970) "Conformity and anticonformity in Japan." J. of Personality and Social Psychology15: 203-210.
13.
Guetzkow, H. (1950) "Unitizing and categorizing problems in roding qualitative data." J. of Clinical Psychology6: 47-58.
14.
Klauss, T. and B. Bass (1974) "Group influences on individual behaviors across cultures." J. of Cross-Cultural Psychology5: 236-246.
15.
Krueger, D. (1981)"Marital decision making: a lag sequential analysis . Presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1981.
16.
——— (1980) "Competitive and cooperative decision making groups: an analysis of differences and communication patterns." Communication Research7: 457-478.
17.
L, N. and M. Graviassy (1976) "African experience in group dynamics." Evolution Pyschiatrique41: 356-388.
18.
MacNeil, M. and M. Sherif (1976) "Norm change over subject generations as a function of arbitrariness of prescribed norms." J. of Personality and Social Psychology34: 762-773.
19.
Meade, R.D. and W. Barnard (1973) "Conformity and anticonformity among Americans and Chinese." J. of Social Psychology89: 12-24.
20.
Merchant, J. (1977) "A model of international and intercultural communication ." Int. Interactions4: 39-50.
21.
Mortensen, C.D. (1966) "Should the discussion group have an assigned leader ?" Speech Teacher15: 34-41.
22.
Noesjirwan, J. (1978) "A rule-based analysis of cultural differences in social behavior: Indonesia and Australia." Int. J. of Psychology13: 305-316.
23.
Pearce, W.B. (1976) "The coordinated management of meaning: a rules-based theory of interpersonal communication," in G. Miller (ed.) Explorations in Interpersonal Communication . Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
24.
——— (1973) "Consensual rules in interpersonal communication: a reply to Cushman and Whiting." J. of Communication23: 160-168.
25.
Raush, H., K. Marshall, and J. Featherman (1970) "Relations at three early stages of marriage as reflected by the use of personal pronouns." Family Process9: 69-82.
26.
Rogers, L.E. and R. Farace (1975) "Analysis of relationship communication in dyads: new measurement procedures." Human Communication Research1: 222-239.
27.
Rossiter, C. and W.B. Pearce( 1975) Communicating Personally. Minneapolis : Bobbs-Merrill.
28.
Sackett, G. (1979) "The lag sequential analysis of contingency and cyclicity in behavioral interaction research," in J. Osofsky (ed.) Handbook of Infant Development. New York : John Wiley.
29.
Samovar, L. and R. Porter [eds.] (1976) Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth .
30.
Schenkein, J. [ed.] (1978) Language, Thought and Culture : Studies in the Organization of Conversational InteractionNew York: Academic Press.
31.
Shaw, M. (1976) Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior . New York: McGraw-Hill.
32.
Stewart, L. (1966) "The simulation of cultural differences." J of Communication16: 291-303.
33.
Whitta Ker, J. and R.D. Meade (1967) "Social pressure in the modification and distortion of judgment." Int. J. of Psychology2: 109-113.
