This paper presents a piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid harvester for wave energy harvesting inspired by a scotch yoke structure for obtaining energy from irregular and low-frequency waves. Through simplification of the energy harvester model, the kinematic equations of the scotch yoke are established. One of the advantages of the harvester is that the wave energy can be harvested by an up-conversion mechanism, The piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and electromagnetic generator (EMG) transform the wave excitation into electricity, and by utilizing the frequency up-conversion mechanism, the PZTs’ harvesting efficiency is increased, the influencing factors of the output power of the harvester are explored by simulation and experimental studies, The results of the experiment demonstrate that this harvester could generate an ultimate output power of 286.36 mW at ultra-low frequency (1.4 Hz) operating frequency. This study offers a practical solution for harvesting low-frequency and disordered wave energy and makes significant progress in harvesting low-frequency and irregular wave energy.
AfsharfardAShinHHosseiniS, et al. (2022) Design of vibro-impact electromagnetic ocean-wave energy harvesting system; an experimental study. Ocean Engineering263: 112168.
2.
ChaoY (2016) Autonomous underwater vehicles and sensors powered by ocean thermal energy. In: OCEANS conference, Shanghai, China, 10–13 April. Shanghai, Peoples R China: IEEE.
3.
ChenXGaoLChenJ, et al. (2020) A chaotic pendulum triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator for wave energy scavenging and self-powered wireless sensing system. Nano Energy69: 104440.
4.
DaiCZhouXZhangZ, et al. (2022) A wave energy harvesting system based on the double-wing flywheel for unmanned surface vessels. Energy Conversion and Management269: 116120.
5.
FuHJiangJHuS, et al. (2023) A multi-stable ultra-low frequency energy harvester using a nonlinear pendulum and piezoelectric transduction for self-powered sensing. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing189: 110034.
6.
FuYHuangMWuR, et al. (2021) Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting device based on water sloshing-inspired extensions. AIP Advances11: 065205.
7.
HarmsJHollmMDostalL, et al. (2022) Design and optimization of a wave energy converter for drifting sensor platforms in realistic ocean waves. Applied Energy321: 119303.
8.
HeFLiuYPanJ, et al. (2023) Advanced ocean wave energy harvesting: Current progress and future trends. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A24: 91–108.
9.
HeLLiuRLiuX, et al. (2024) A piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester for low-frequency wave motion and self-sensing wave environment monitoring. Energy Conversion and Management300: 117920.
10.
LeeKLeeJ-WKimK, et al. (2018) A spherical hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator for enhanced water wave energy harvesting. Micromachines9: 598.
11.
LiHLiuDWangJ, et al. (2020) Broadband bimorph piezoelectric energy harvesting by exploiting bending-torsion of L-shaped structure. Energy Conversion and Management206: 112503.
12.
LiXGaoQCaoY, et al. (2022) Optimization strategy of wind energy harvesting via triboelectric-electromagnetic flexible cooperation. Applied Energy307: 118311.
13.
LiuHCFuHLSunLN, et al. (2021) Hybrid energy harvesting technology: From materials, structural design, system integration to applications. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews137: 25.
14.
LuoAZhangYDaiX, et al. (2020) An inertial rotary energy harvester for vibrations at ultra-low frequency with high energy conversion efficiency. Applied Energy279: 115762.
15.
MuscatABhattacharyaSZhuY. (2022) Electromagnetic vibrational energy harvesters: A review. Sensors22: 5555.
16.
NabaviSFFarshidianfarAAfsharfardA. (2018) Novel piezoelectric-based ocean wave energy harvesting from offshore buoys. Applied Ocean Research76: 174–183.
17.
NabaviSFFarshidianfarAAfsharfardA, et al. (2019) An ocean wave-based piezoelectric energy harvesting system using breaking wave force. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences151: 498–507.
18.
PanXLingPBaoH, et al. (2023) Tumbler-inspired electromagnetic generator for low-frequency ocean wave energy harvesting. Energy Conversion and Management294: 117569.
19.
QianFHajjMRZuoL (2020) Bio-inspired bi-stable piezoelectric harvester for broadband vibration energy harvesting. Energy Conversion and Management222: 113174.
20.
RenZLiangXLiuD, et al. (2021) Water-wave driven route avoidance warning system for wireless ocean navigation. Advanced Energy Materials11: 2101116.
21.
ShiGZengWXiaY, et al. (2023) A floating piezoelectric electromagnetic hybrid wave vibration energy harvester actuated by a rotating wobble ball. Energy270: 126808.
22.
SpreemannDManoliY. (2012) Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesting Devices: Architectures, Design, Modeling and Optimization. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
23.
StantonSCMcGeheeCCMannBP. (2010) Nonlinear dynamics for broadband energy harvesting: Investigation of a bistable piezoelectric inertial generator. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena239: 640–653.
24.
SunRZhouSChengL (2023) Ultra-low frequency vibration energy harvesting: Mechanisms, enhancement techniques, and scaling laws. Energy Conversion and Management276: 116585.
25.
TanDLengYGGaoYJ. (2015) Magnetic force of piezoelectric cantilever energy harvesters with external magnetic field. The European Physical Journal Special Topics224: 2839–2853.
26.
WangYZhongZLiuY, et al. (2022) Energy collection generator based on electrostatic conversion mechanism. Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices7: 100505.
27.
WilliamsCYatesRB (1996) Analysis of a micro-electric generator for microsystems. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical52: 8–11.
28.
YangZWangYQZuoL, et al. (2017) Introducing arc-shaped piezoelectric elements into energy harvesters. Energy Conversion and Management148: 260–266.
29.
YinZGaoSJinL, et al. (2021) A dual impact driven frequency up-conversion piezoelectric energy harvester for ultralow-frequency and wide-bandwidth operation. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical331: 112961.
30.
YuJHuYHuoJ, et al. (2009) Dolphin-like propulsive mechanism based on an adjustable Scotch yoke. Mechanism and Machine Theory44: 603–614.
31.
ZhangLBDaiHLYangYW, et al. (2019) Design of high-efficiency electromagnetic energy harvester based on a rolling magnet. Energy Conversion and Management185: 202–210.
32.
ZhangQLiangQJNandakumarDK, et al. (2021) Shadow enhanced self-charging power system for wave and solar energy harvesting from the ocean. Nature Communications12: 11.
33.
ZhaoBLiZLiaoX, et al. (2021) A heaving point absorber-based ocean wave energy convertor hybridizing a multilayered soft-brush cylindrical triboelectric generator and an electromagnetic generator. Nano Energy89: 106381.
34.
ZhaoL-CZouH-XGaoQ-H, et al. (2019a) Magnetically modulated orbit for human motion energy harvesting. Applied Physics Letters115: 263902.
35.
ZhaoL-CZouH-XXieX, et al. (2023) Mechanical intelligent wave energy harvesting and self-powered marine environment monitoring. Nano Energy108: 108222.
36.
ZhaoL-CZouH-XYanG, et al. (2019b) A water-proof magnetically coupled piezoelectric-electromagnetic hybrid wind energy harvester. Applied Energy239: 735–746.
37.
ZouH-XZhaoL-CGaoQ-H, et al. (2019) Mechanical modulations for enhancing energy harvesting: Principles, methods and applications. Applied Energy255: 113871.
