This study explores the experiences and perspectives of service providers with regard to the process of psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) among students in the Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG) program. Based on a social work theory of PSS as our organizing framework, combined qualitative content analysis (inductive to deductive) was conducted with two service provider focus groups (n = 16) and three student focus groups (n = 27). The overarching theme of nontraditional, student-centered, holistic staff approaches which lead to the pathway from uncovering perceived employment barriers to discovering employment hope emerged with four phenomenological categories. The findings supported the adaptations of service providers’ different roles when providing student-centered approach in service delivery to reach maximal PSS for a better outcome in case management.
BarberJ.LuborskyL.Crits-ChristophR.ThaseM.WeissR.FrankA.GallopR. (1999). Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of outcome in treatment of cocaine dependence. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 54-73. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.119
2.
ChinmanM. J.RosenheckR.LamJ. A. (2000). The case management relationship and outcomes of homeless persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 51, 1142-1147. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.9.1142
3.
DaughertyR.BarberG. (2001). Self Sufficiency, Ecology of Work, and Welfare Reform, Social Service Review, 75, 662-675. doi: 10.1086/323167
4.
DriskoJ.MaschiT. (2015). Content analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
5.
EloS.KyngäsH. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62, 107-115. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x[
6.
FarrellyS.BrownG.SzmuklerG.RoseD.BirchwoodM.MarshallM.ThornicroftG. (2014). Can the therapeutic relationship predict 18-month outcomes for individuals with psychosis?Psychiatry Research, 220, 585-591. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.032
7.
GehrsM.GoeringP. (1994). The relationship between the working alliance and rehabilitation outcomes of schizophrenia. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18, 43-54. doi:10.1037/h0095517
8.
GowdyE. A.PearlmutterS. (1993). Economic self-sufficiency: It’s not just money. Afflia, 8, 368-387. doi:10.1177/088610999300800402
9.
HongP. Y. P. (2013). Toward A client-centered benchmark for self-sufficiency: Evaluating the “process” of becoming job ready. Journal of Community Practice, 21, 356-378. doi:10.1080/10705422.2013.852147
10.
HongP. Y. P. (2016). Transforming impossible into possible (TIP): A bottom-up practice in workforce development for low-income jobseekers. Environment and Social Psychology, 2, 93-104. doi:10.18063/ESP.2016.02.008
11.
HongP. Y. P.ChoiS.KeyW. (2018). Psychological self-sufficiency: A bottom-up theory of change in workforce development. Social Work Research, 42, 1-11. doi:10.1093/swr/svx025
12.
HongP. Y. P.ChoiS.PolaninJ. R. (2014). A multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis of the short employment hope scale (EHS-14). Journal of Social Service Research, 40, 339-352. doi:10.1080/01488376.2014.901277
13.
HongP. Y. P.HongR.WilliamsD. (2018, May17-19). Psychological self-sufficiency (PSS) as a success process in health profession career pathways. Paper presented at the Fourteenth International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry, Urbana, IL.
14.
HongP.Y.P.HodgeD.ChoiS. (2015). Spirituality, hope, and self-sufficiency among low-income jobseekers. Social Work, 60, 155-164. doi:10.1093/sw/swu059
15.
HongP. Y. P.LewisD.ChoiS. (2014). Employment hope as an empowerment pathway to self-sufficiency among ex-offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 53, 317-333. doi:10.1080/10509674.2014.922156
16.
HongP. Y. P.PolaninJ. R.KeyW.ChoiS. (2014). Development of the perceived employment barrier scale (PEBS): Measuring psychological self-sufficiency. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 689-706. doi:10.1002/jcop.21646
17.
HongP. Y. P.PolaninJ. R.PigottT. D. (2012). Validation of the employment hope scare: Measuring psychological self-sufficiency among low-income job seekers. Research on Social Work Practice, 22, 323-332. doi:10.1177/1049731511435952
18.
HongP. Y. P.SheriffV. A.NaegerS. R. (2009). A bottom-up definition of self-sufficiency: Voices from low-income job seekers. Qualitative Social Work, 8, 357-376. doi:10.1177/1473325009337844
19.
HongP. Y. P.SongI.ChoiS.ParkJ. H. (2016). A cross-national validation of the employment hope scale in the U.S. and South Korea. Social Work Research, 40, 41-51. doi:10.1093/swr/svv046
20.
HongP. Y. P.SongI. H.ChoiS.ParkJ. H. (2018). Comparison of perceived employment barriers and low-income job seekers in the United States and South Korea. International Social Work, 61, 23-39. doi.org/10.1177/0020872815600509
21.
HongP. Y. P.StokarH.ChoiS. (2016). Psychological and economic self-sufficiency among low-income jobseekers with physical disability barriers. Environment and Social Psychology, 1, 63-73. doi:10.18063/ESP.2016.01.008
22.
HongR.NorthcutT. B.SpiraM.HongP. Y. P. (2019). Facilitating transformation in workforce training: Using clinical theory to understand psychological self-sufficiency. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 89, 1-17. doi:10.1080/00377317.2019.1577046
23.
HorvathA. (2001). The therapeutic relationship: From transference to alliance. Psychotherapy in Practice, 56, 163-183.
24.
HowgegoI. M.YellowleesP.OwenC.MeldrumL.DarkF. (2003). The therapeutic alliance: The key to effective patient outcome? A descriptive review of the evidence in community mental health case management. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 169-183. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01131.x
25.
LincolnS. Y.GubaE. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
26.
LongD. A. (2001). From support to self-sufficiency: How successful are programs in advancing the financial independence and well-being of welfare recipients?Evaluation and Program Planning, 24, 389-408. doi:10.1016/S0149-7189(01)00039-8
27.
MartinD. J.GarskeJ. P.DavisM. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables P: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 68, 438-450. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.3.43
NealeM. S.RosenheckR. A. (1995). Therapeutic alliance and outcome in a VA intensive case management program. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 22, 126-134. doi:10.1176/ps.46.7.719
PorgesS. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York, NY: W.W.Norton.
32.
PriebeS.McCabeR. (2008). Therapeutic relationships in psychiatry: The basis of therapy of therapy in itself?International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 521-526. doi:10.1080/09540260802565257
33.
RichmondM. (1917). Social diagnosis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
