Many students who re-locate from host to home country are said to undergo a process of reverse culture shock akin to bereavement, involving stages of a grieving process. This has been likened to a ‘W-curve’ in which feelings fluctuate before reaching a more balanced state. The present study examined the re-acculturation of Taiwanese and Sri Lankan graduates after study in the West. It did not find evidence of re-entry trauma in the psychological sense already established in the literature, but it did find socio-political issues that were associated with the tension between modernism and traditionalism, or individualism and collectivism.
Abu-Lughod, L. ( 1991). Writing against culture. In R. Fox (Ed.), Recapturing anthropology: Working in the present (pp. 137-162). Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
2.
Arvind, V., Phatak, A.V., Bhagat, R.S., & Kashlak, R.J. ( 2005). International management: Managing in a diverse and dynamic global environment. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
3.
Austin, C. N. (Ed.). (1986). Cross-cultural re-entry: A book of readings. Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
4.
Black, J.S., & Gregersen, H.B. (1990). Expectations, satisfaction, and intention to leave of American managers in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 485-506.
5.
Blohm, J.M. ( 1996). Saying goodbye. In H. N. Seelye (Ed.), Experiential activities for intercultural learning (pp. 221-229). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
6.
Butcher, A.A. ( 2002). A grief observed: Grief experiences of East Asian international students returning to their countries of origin. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6, 354-368.
7.
Chiu, M.L. ( 1995). The influence of anticipatory fear on foreign student adjustment: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19, 1-44.
8.
Creswell, J.W. ( 1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9.
Feng-Bing, M. ( 2004). Ethnographic case studies of ethnic Chinese school children’s experiences of and perspectives on living in Northern Ireland. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, UK.
10.
Freedman, A. ( 1986). A strategy for managing "cultural" transitions: Re-entry from training. In C. N. Austin (Ed.), Cross-cultural re-entry: A book of readings (pp. 19-28). Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
11.
Gullahorn, J.T., & Gullahorn, J.E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 33-47.
12.
Hammer, M.R., Hart, W., & Rogan, R. ( 1998). Repatriation of corporate managers and spouses. Management International Review, 38, 67-86.
13.
Harber C.R. and Serf, J. ( 2004). Exploring Ubuntu: Education & development-an introduction to theories and debates. Birmingham: Teachers in Developing Education.
14.
Human Development Report. (2001). Making new technologies work for human development. Available from www.undp.org/hdr2001
15.
Higher Education Statistical Agency. (2006 ). All HE students in higher education institutions 2005/06 Table 2e-All HE students by level of study, mode of study, subject of study(#1), domicile and gender 2005/06. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/subject0506.xls
16.
Hipkins Sobie, J. ( 1986). The culture of coming home again. In C. N. Austin, Cross-Cultural Re-entry: A Book of Readings (pp. 5-101). Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
17.
Hyland, K., & Hyland, F. ( 2006). Feedback in second language writing: Contexts and issues . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
18.
Isogai, T.Y., Hayashi, Y., & Uno, M. ( 1999). Identity issues and re-entry training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 493-525.
19.
Jansson, D.P. ( 1986). Return to society: Problematic Features of the re-entry process. In C. N. Austin (Ed.), Cross-cultural re-entry: A book of readings (pp. 49-59). Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
20.
Lysgaard, S. ( 1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45-51.
21.
Martin, J.N. ( 1984). The intercultural re-entry: Conceptualization and directions for future research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 8, 115-134.
22.
McLaren, M.C. ( 1998). Interpreting cultural differences: The challenge of intercultural communication. Dereham, UK: Peter Francis.
23.
Oberg, K. ( 1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments . Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182.
24.
Pritchard, R.M.O. & Skinner, B. ( 2002) Cross-cultural partnerships between home and international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6, 323-354.
25.
Rogers, J., & Ward, C. ( 1993). Expectation-experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural re-entry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17, 185-196.
26.
Rohrlich, B.F., & Martin, J.N. ( 1991). Host country and re-entry adjustment of student sojourners . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15, 161-182.
27.
Ronen, S., & Shenkar, O. ( 1985) Clustering countries on attitudinal dimensions: A review and synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 10, 435-454.
28.
Rothbaum, F., & Xu, X. ( 1995). The theme of giving back to parents in Chinese andAmerican songs. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 698-713.
29.
Schwartz, S.H. ( 1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, Ç. Kâgitçibasi, S. G. Choi , & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism: Theory, application and methods (pp.85-119). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30.
Sussman, N.M. ( 2001). Repatriation transitions: Psychological preparedness, cultural identity, and attributions amongAmerican managers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 119-123.
31.
Sussman, N.M. ( 2002). Testing the cultural identity model of the cultural transition cycle: Sojourners return home. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 391-408.
32.
Tesch, R. ( 1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools . New York: Falmer.
33.
United Nations Development Programme. (2005 ). UNDP Human Development Report (HDR). New York: Oxford University Press.
34.
Vanderpoorten, V. ( 2007). Nothing prepares you. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Zeus.
35.
Werkman, S.L. ( 1986). Coming home. In C. N. Austin (Ed.), Cross-cultural re-entry: A book of readings (pp. 5-17). Abilene, TX: Abilene Christian University.
