Industry emergence is a complex phenomenon. The entrepreneurship literature has been characterized by individualistic explanations (‘hero’ entrepreneurs), complemented by institutional approaches. Sociology studies can offer alternative explanations for industry emergence. We draw from the concepts of Social Movements to frame the process of industry emergence in its initial phase. We synthesize the theoretical research on social movements, entrepreneurship, and industry emergence in an effort to develop a conceptual framework to improve our understanding of the pre-emergence of an industry. Our main contribution lies in understanding entrepreneurship, and thus industry emergence, as a community process in which multiple actors eventually result in a reduced number of early start-ups, which gives rise to a new industry. In addition, we propose that the type of movement will lead to different enablers and barriers to industry emergence.
AbatecolaGCafferataRPoggesiS (2012) Arthur Stinchcombe’s.Journal of Management History18(4): 402–418. “liability of newness”: contribution and impact of the construct.
2.
AcsZJAudretschDB (2005) Entrepreneurship and innovation (No. 2105). Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy.
3.
AcsZJAutioESzerbL (2014) National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy43(3): 476–494.
4.
AgarwalRTripsasM (2008) Technology and industry evolution. In ShaneS (eds) Handbook of Technology and Innovation Management. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp.3–55.
5.
AhlstromDBrutonGDYehKS (2008) Private firms in China: Building legitimacy in an emerging economy. Journal of World Business43(4): 385–399.
6.
AldrichHEFiolCM (1994) Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Entrepreneurship: Concepts, Theory and Perspective19(4): 105–127.
7.
AmitRMullerECockburnI (1995) Opportunity costs and entrepreneurial activity. Journal of Business Venturing10(2): 95–106.
8.
AndersenEA (2017) Transformative events in the LGBTQ rights movement. Indiana Journal of Law and Social Equality5(2): 10.
9.
AndersonARGaddeforsJ (2016) Entrepreneurship as a community phenomenon; reconnecting meanings and place. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business28(4): 504–518.
10.
AndrewsKTCarenN (2010) Making the news: Movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review75(6): 841–866.
11.
AttonC (2002) News cultures and new social movements: Radical journalism and the mainstream media. Journalism Studies3(4): 491–505.
12.
AudretschDBLehmannEEMenterM, et al. (2020) Intrapreneurship and absorptive capacities: The dynamic effect of labor mobility. Technovation 49: 102–129.
13.
AudretschDBBelitskiM (2017) Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: Establishing the framework conditions. The Journal of Technology Transfer42(5): 1030–1051.
14.
BarnettML (2006) Waves of collectivizing: A dynamic model of competition and cooperation over the life of an industry. Corporate Reputation Review8(4): 272–292.
15.
BarryJBergEChandlerJ (2006) Movement and change in the public sector: bringing social movements into the analysis. Public Management Review8(3): 433–448.
16.
BartelsmanEJHaltiwangerJScarpettaS (2004) Microeconomic evidence of creative destruction in industrial and developing countries. IZA Discussion Papers. No. 1374. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
17.
BattilanaJ (2006) Agency and institutions: The enabling role of individuals’ social position. Organization13(5): 653–676.
18.
BaumJA (1996) Organizational ecology. In: Clegg SR, Hardy C and Nord WR (eds) Handbook of Organizational Studies. London: Sage Publications, pp.77–114.
19.
BaumJACalabreseTSilvermanBS (2000) Don't go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups' performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal21(3): 267–294.
20.
BaumolWJSchillingMAWolffEN (2009) The superstar inventors and entrepreneurs: How were they educated?Journal of Economics & Management Strategy18(3): 711–728.
21.
BeblavyMKurekovaL (2014) Into the first league: The competitive advantage of the antivirus industry in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Competition & Change18(5): 421– 437.
22.
BenfordRD (2013) Identity fields. In: Snow DA, Della Porta D, Klandermans PG, et al (eds) The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Politcal Movements. Malden: Wiley-Balckwell.
23.
Brown R and Mason C (2017). Looking inside the spiky bits: a critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Small Business Economics 49(1): 11–30.
24.
BuechlerSM (1990) Women’s Movements in the United States: Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights, and Beyond. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
25.
BuechlerSM (2004) The strange career of strain and breakdown theories of collective action. In SnowDSouleSand KriesiH (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Malden, MA: Blckwell, pp.47-66.
26.
CaliendoMKünnSWeissenbergerM (2020) Catching up or lagging behind? The long-term business and innovation potential of subsidized start-ups out of unemployment. Research Policy49(10): 104053.
27.
CarlosCSineWLeeB, et al. (2014) Gone with the wind: Industry development and the evolution of social movement influence. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2746274 (accessed 29 November 2020).
28.
CarilloKOkoliC (2008) The open source movement: a revolution in software development. Journal of Computer Information Systems49(2): 1–9.
29.
ChaseG (2017) The early history of the black lives matter movement, and the implications thereof. Nevada Law Journal18: 1091.
30.
ClemonsEKGuBLangKR (2002) Newly vulnerable markets in an age of pure information products: An analysis of online music and online news. Journal of Management Information Systems19(3): 17–41.
31.
CressDMSnowDA (1996) Mobilization at the margins: Resources, benefactors, and the viability of homeless social movement organizations. American Sociological Review61: 1089–1109.
32.
DacinTGoodsteinJRichard ScottW (2002) Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal45(1): 45–56.
DavidRJSineWDHavemanHA (2013) Seizing opportunity in emerging fields: How institutional entrepreneurs legitimated the professional form of management consulting. Organization Science24(2): 356–377.
35.
de JongJPde BruijnE (2013) Innovation lessons from 3-D printing. MIT Sloan Management Review52(2): 43–52.
36.
Della PortaDDianiM (2006) Social Movements an Introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
37.
Della PortaD (2020) Building bridges: Social movements and civil society in times of crisis. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 31: 1–11.
38.
DiMaggioPJ (1988) Interest and agency in institutional theory. In: ZuckerL (eds) Institutional Patterns and Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, pp.3–22.
39.
DiMaggioPJPowellWW (1991) Introduction to the new institutionalism. In: Di Maggio PJ and Powell WW (eds) The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: The Chicago University Press, pp. 1–38.
40.
DolataU (2011) The music industry and the internet: a decade of disruptive and uncontrolled sectoral change (No. 2011-02). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Organisations-und Innovationsforschung, SOI Discussion Paper.
41.
DolataUSchrapeJF (2016) Masses, crowds, communities, movements: Collective action in the internet age. Social Movement Studies15(1): 1–18.
42.
DoradoS (2005) Institutional entrepreneurship, partaking, and convening. Organization Studies26(3): 385–414.
43.
DurandRGeorgallisP (2018) Differential firm commitment to industries supported by social movement organizations. Organization Science29(1): 154–171.
44.
EdwardsBMcCarthyJD (2004) Resources and social movement mobilization. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements116–152.
45.
EpsteinB (1992) The antiwar movement during the Gulf War. Social Justice19: 115–137.
46.
EyermanRJamisonA (1991) Social Movements: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press.
47.
FelinTZengerTR (2009) Entrepreneurs as theorists: on the origins of collective beliefs and novel strategies. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal3(2): 127–146.
48.
ForbesDPKirschDA (2011) The study of emerging industries: Recognizing and responding to some central problems. Journal of Business Venturing26(5): 589–602.
49.
Ganz M and McKenna E (2018) Bringing leadership back in. In: The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing: 185–202.
50.
GartnerWBBirdBJStarrJA (1992) Acting as if: Differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behaviour. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice16(3): 13–32.
51.
GerberC (2020) Community building on crowdwork platforms: Autonomy and control of online workers?. Competition & Change, online first.
52.
GläserJ (2001) Producing communities as a theoretical challenge. In: Proceedings of the Australian Sociological Association, Sydney, Australia, 13-15 December 2001, pp. 1–11.
HassanMHStaggenborgS (2015) Movements as communities. In: Della PortaDDianiM (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
55.
HindleK (2010) How community context affects entrepreneurial process: A diagnostic framework. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development22(7–8): 599–647.
56.
HungSCWhittingtonR (2011) Agency in national innovation systems: Institutional entrepreneurship and the professionalization of Taiwanese IT. Research Policy40(4): 526–538.
57.
IsaacLChristiansenL (2002) How the civil rights movement revitalized labor militancy. American Sociological Review 67(5): 722–746.
58.
IsenbergDJ (2010) How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review88(6): 41–50.
JennessVBroadK (1994) Antiviolence activism and the (in) visibility of gender in the gay/lesbian and women's movements. Gender & Society8(3): 402–423.
61.
JohnsenCGSørensenBM (2017) Traversing the fantasy of the heroic entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23(2): 228–244.
62.
KellerMNegoitaM (2013) Correcting network failures: the evolution of US innovation policy in the wind and advanced battery industries. Competition & Change17(4): 319–338.
63.
KirschDMoeenMWadhwaniDR (2014) Historicism and industry emergence: industry knowledge from pre-emergence to stylized fact. In: BucheliMWadhwaniDR (eds) Organizations in Time: History, Theory, Methods. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp.217–240.
64.
KingBG (2008) A political mediation model of corporate response to social movement activism. Administrative Science Quarterly53(3): 395–421.
65.
KirznerIM (1973) Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
66.
KirznerIM (1997) Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature35(1): 60–85.
67.
KlandermansBOegemaD (1987) Potentials, networks, motivations, and barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements. American Sociological Review 52(4): 519–531.
68.
KlandermansB (2004) The demand and supply of participation: Social-psychological correlates of participation in social movements. In: Snow D, Soule S and Kriesi H (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, pp.360–379.
LechnerCPervaizA (2017) Entrepreneurial Strategy: A contingency review and outlook for future research. In BlackburnRDeClercqHeinonenJ (eds) SAGE Handbook for Entrepreneurship and Small Business. London, UK: Sage Publications, pp.145–165.
71.
LechnerCPervaizA (2020) From invention to industry from a social movement perspective: the emergence of the 3D printing industry. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 9: 1–28.
72.
LeviMMurphyGH (2006) Coalitions of contention: The case of the WTO protests in Seattle. Political Studies54(4): 651–670.
73.
LinderCLechnerCPelzelF (2020) Many roads lead to Rome: How human, social, and financial capital are related to new venture survival. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice44(5): 909–932.
74.
LippmannSAldrichH (2016) A rolling stone gathers momentum: Generational units, collective memory, and entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review41(4): 658–675.
75.
LounsburyMVentrescaMHirschPM (2003) Social movements, field frames and industry emergence: A cultural-political perspective on US recycling. Socio-Economic Review1: 71–104.
76.
LowMAbrahamsonE (1997) Movements, bandwagons and clones: Industry evolution and the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing12: 435–457.
77.
LubikSLimSPlattsK, et al. (2013) Market-pull and technology-push in manufacturing start-ups in emerging industries. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management24(1): 10–27.
78.
LundvallB-Å (2007) National innovation systems—analytical concept and development tool. Industry & Innovation14: 95–119.
79.
McAdamD (1986) Recruitment to high risk activism: The case of freedom summer. American Journal of Sociology92 (1): 64–90.
80.
McAdam D and Scott WR (2005) Organizations and movements. In: Davis GF, McAdam D, Scott WR, et al. (eds) Social Movements and Organization Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.4–40.
81.
MaguireJS (2007) Fit for consumption: Sociology and the business of fitness. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
82.
McCarthyJDZaldMN (1977) Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology82: 1212–1241.
83.
McCarthyJDZaldMN (2014) Social movement organizations. In: GoodwinJJasperJ (eds) The Social Movement Reader: Cases and Concepts. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, pp.159–174.
84.
McCauleySMStephensJC (2012) Green energy clusters and socio-technical transitions: analysis of a sustainable energy cluster for regional economic development in Central Massachusetts, USA. Sustainability Science7(2): 213–225.
85.
McMullenJSShepherdDA (2006) Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review31(1): 132–152.
86.
MelucciA (1996) Challenging codes: collective action in the information age. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
87.
MersethJL (2018) Raceing solidarity: Asian Americans and support for Black lives matter. Politics, Groups, and Identities6(3): 337–356.
88.
MeziasSJKupermanJC (2001) The community dynamics of entrepreneurship: The birth of the American Film Industry, 1895–1929. Journal of Business Venturing16(3): 209.
89.
MorrisA (2000) Reflections on social movement theory: Criticisms and proposals. Contemporary Sociology29: 445–454.
90.
MorrisAStaggenborgS (2004) Leadership in social movements. In: Snow D, Soule S and Kriesi H (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Hoboken: Wiley, pp.171–196.
91.
NambisanSBaronRA (2013) Entrepreneurship in innovation ecosystems: Entrepreneurs’ self–regulatory processes and their implications for new venture success. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice37(5): 1071–1097.
92.
NightingaleJ (1978) On the definition of industry and market. The Journal of Industrial Economics 27(1): 31–40.
93.
OegemaDKlandermansK (1994) Why social movement sympathizers don’t participate: Erosion and non-conversion of support. American Sociological Review Association59(5): 703–722.
94.
OlsonM (1965) The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95.
OliverP (1983) The mobilization of paid and volunteer activists in the neighborhood movement. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change5: 133–170.
96.
PachecoDYorkJHargraveTJ (2014) The co-evolution of industries, social movements and institutions: Wind power in the United States. Organization Science8246(425): 1–50.
97.
PadulaGDagninoG (2007) Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization37(2): 32–52.
98.
PhilipsonG (2004) A Short History of Software Development. In: Barret R (eds) Management, Labour Process and Software Development: Reality Bites. London, UK: Routledge, pp.1–13.
99.
PitelisAT (2018) Industrial policy for renewable energy: The innovation impact of European policy instruments and their interactions. Competition & Change22(3): 227–254.
100.
RadosevicS (2007) National systems of innovation and entrepreneurship: in search of a missing link. In: Economics Working Papers. London, UK: University College London.
101.
RaoHMorrillCZaldMN (2000) Power plays: How social movements and collective action create new organizational forms. Research in Organizational Behavior22: 237–281.
102.
RammeltH (2011) Strengthening ties between social capital, social movement and political approach to social movements in countries with recent regime change. Journal of Community Positive Practices3: 128–138.
103.
RitalaP (2012) Coopetition strategy–when is it successful? Empirical evidence on innovation and market performance. British Journal of Management23(3): 307–324.
104.
RoseH (1973) Up against the welfare state: The claimant unions. Socialist Register10: 17–203.
105.
SarasvathySDewN (2005) New market creation through transformation. Journal of Evolutionary Economics15(5): 533–565.
106.
SchurmanR (2004) Fighting “Franken foods”: Industry opportunity structures and the efficacy of the anti-biotech movement in Western Europe. Social Problems51(2): 243–268.
107.
SchmitterPLanzalacoL (1989) Regions and the organisation of business interests. In: ColemanWJacekH (eds) Regionalism, Business Interests and Public Policy. London: Sage Publications, pp.201–230.
108.
SchumpeterJ (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press (First published in German, 1912.
109.
ScottP (1995) The Meanings of Mass Higher Education. London, UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
110.
ScottWR (2008) Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society37(5): 427.
111.
SeoMCreedD (2002) Institutional contradictions, praxis and institutional change: A dialectic perspective. The Academy of Management Review27(2): 222–248.
112.
ShaneSVenkataramanS (2000) The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. The Academy of Management Review25(1): 217–226.
113.
ShaneS (2003) A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
114.
ShepherdDAMcMullenSJenningsPD (2007) The formation of opportunity beliefs: Overcoming ignorance and reducing doubt. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal1(1): 75–95.
115.
SineWDDavidRJ (2010) Institutions and entrepreneurship. Research in the Sociology of Work21(1): 1–26.
116.
SineWDLeeBH (2009) Tilting at windmills? The environmental movement and the emergence of the US wind energy sector. Administrative Science Quarterly54: 123–155.
117.
SnowDASouleSAKriesiH (2004) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
118.
SouleSA (2012) Social movements and markets, industries, and firms. Organization Studies33(12): 1715–1733.
119.
SpigelB (2017) The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice41(1): 49–72.
120.
SpillingOR (2011) Mobilising the entrepreneurial potential in local community development. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development23(1-2): 23–35.
121.
StaggenborgS (1998) Social movement communities and cycles of protest: The emergence and maintenance of a local women’s movement. Social Problems45(2): 180–204.
122.
StamESpigelB (2017) Entrepreneurial ecosystems. In: BlackburnRDe ClercqDHeinonenJ, andWangZ (eds) Handbook for Entrepreneurship and Small Business. London: Sage, pp.407–422.
123.
SteinmuellerWE (1995) The US software industry: an analysis and interpretive history. In: Mowery D (ed) The International Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.15–52.
124.
SteyaertC (2007) ‘Entrepreneuring' as a conceptual attractor? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development19: 453–477.
125.
StinchcombeAL (1965) Social structure and organizations. In: MarchJ (ed) Handbook of Organizations. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp.142–193.
126.
StreeckW (1989) The territorial organisation of interests and the logics of assopciative action: the case of Handwerk organisation in West Germany. In: ColemanWJacekH (eds) Regionalism, Business Interests and Public Policy. London: Sage Publications, pp.59–94.
127.
StürmerSSimonBLoewyM, et al. (2003) The dual-pathway model of social movement participation: The case of the fat acceptance movement. Social Psychology Quarterly 66(1): 71–82.
128.
SuchmanMC (1995) Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. The Academy of Management Review20(3): 571–610.
129.
SwaminathanAWadeJB (1999) Social movement theory and the evolution of new organizational forms. Academy of Management Proceedings1999(1): I1–I6.
130.
TheodorakiCMesseghemKRiceMP (2018) A social capital approach to the development of sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems: An explorative study. Small Business Economics51(1): 153–170.
131.
ThomasEFLouisWR (2013) Doing democracy: The social psychological mobilization and consequences of collective action. Social Issues and Policy Review7(1): 173–200.
132.
TillyCWoodLJ (2015) Social Movements. London, UK: Routledge, pp.1768–2012.
133.
TomlinsonPR (2012) Industry institutions, social capital, and firm participation in industrial development. Industrial and Corporate Change21(1): 1–29.
134.
TouraineA (1983) Anti-nuclear protest: The opposition to nuclear energy in France. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
135.
Turner RH (1970) Determinants of social movement strategies. In: Shibutani T (ed) Human nature and collective behaviour: Papers in honor of Herbert Blumer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall: 145–164.
136.
Useem BZaldMN (1982) Social movement: Organizational dilemmas of the effort to promote nuclear power. Social Problems30: 144–156.
137.
UzuncaB (2018) A competence-based view of industry evolution: The impact of submarket convergence on incumbent− entrant dynamics. Academy of Management Journal61(2): 738–768.
138.
Van de VenHAGarudR (1989) A framework for understanding the emergence of new industries. Research on Technological Innovation Management and Policy4: 195–225.
139.
Van De VenHA (1993a) The development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing8(3): 211–230.
140.
Van de VenHA (1993b) A community perspective on the emergence of innovations. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management10: 23–51.
141.
Von HardenbergWG (2011) Nuclear Power, No Thanks! The Aftermath of Chernobyl in Italy and the Nuclear Power Referendum of 1987. Arcadia 3. DOI: 10.5282/rcc/2649.
142.
Voelker T (2012). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Evolutionary paths or differentiated systems?. Business Studies Journal 4: 43–61.
143.
VasiIBKingBG (2012) Social movements, risk perceptions, and economic outcomes: The effect of primary and secondary stakeholder activism on firms’ perceived environmental risk and financial performance. American Sociological Review77(4): 573–596.
144.
WalkerET (2012) Social movements, organizations, and fields: A decade of theoretical integration Edward. Contemporary Sociology41(5): 576–587.
145.
WalkerETMartinA (2018) Social movement organizations. In: Snow D, Soule S, Kriesi H, et al. (eds) The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. 2nd Edition. Hoboken: Wiley, pp.167.
146.
WargerT (2002) The open-source movement. Educause Quarterly25(3): 18–21.
147.
WikströmP (2013) The Music Industry: Music in the Cloud. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
YorkJGLenoxMJ (2014) Exploring the sociocultural determinants of de novo versus de alio entry in emerging industries. Strategic Management Journal35(13): 1930–1951.
150.
ZaldMN (1978) On the social control of industries. Social Forces; a Scientific Medium of Social Study and Interpretation57(1): 79–102.
151.
ZaldMN (2000) Ideologically structured action: An enlarged agenda for social movement research. Mobilization: An International Quarterly5(1): 1–1.
