Do art experts (bohemians) attract high-skilled professionals? Evidence from panel data in German regions

Abstract

This paper provides evidence on the role of art experts (bohemians) in high-skilled professionals' locational choices in German regions (NUTS 3) over the period 1998–2008. In particular, it examines Richard Florida's thesis, which considers art experts as creative people who attract high-skilled labour force. Our panel data estimation results support the thesis that art experts have positive and significant impact on high-skilled experts and that these individuals flock where art experts are. We also find that regional per capita income and employment have positive and robust effect on the distribution of high-skilled professionals. The positive effects suggest that the distribution of the high-skilled labor force is a reflection of economic and non-economic factors.

Keywords

High-skilled professionals creative class human capital art experts dynamic panel

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahn

Schmidt

(1995) Efficient estimation of models for dynamic panel data. Journal of Econometrics 68(1): 5–27.

Alfken

(2015) Ich will nicht nach Berlin!—Life course analysis of inter-regional migration behaviour of people from the field of design and advertising. Environment and Planning A 47(10): 2187–2203.

Alfken

Broekel

Sternberg

(2015) Factors explaining the spatial agglomeration of the creative class: empirical evidence for German artists. European Planning Studies 23(12): 2438–2463.

Andersen

Hansen

Isaksen

et al. (2010) Nordic city regions in the creative class debate-putting the creative class thesis to a test. Industry and Innovation 17(2): 215–240.

Arellano

(2003) Panel Data Econometrics, 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Asheim

Hansen

(2009) Knowledge bases, talents, and contexts: On the usefulness of the creative class approach in Sweden. Economic Geography 85(4): 425–442.

Asheim

Boschma

Cooke

(2011) Constructing regional advantage: Platform policies based on related variety and differentiated knowledge base. Regional Studies 45(7): 893–904.

Barber

Hall

(2008) Birmingham: whose urban renaissance? Regeneration as a response to economic restructuring. Policy Studies 29(3): 281–292.

Baltagi

(2013) Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

10.

Boschma

Fritsch

(2009) Creative class and regional growth: Empirical evidence from seven European Countries. Economic Geography 85(4): 391–423.

11.

Camagni

Capello

(2013) Regional innovation patterns and the EU regional policy reform: toward smart innovation policies. Growth and Change 44(2): 355–389.

12.

Capello

(2009) Spatial spillovers and regional growth: A cognitive approach. European Planning Studies 17(5): 639–658.

13.

Dosi

Egidi

(1991) Substantive and procedural uncertainty. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 1: 145–168.

14.

EY (2014) Creating growth Measuring Cultural and Creative Markets in the EU, Paris: Studio EY France. Available at: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Measuring_cultural_and_creative_markets_in_the_EU/$FILE/Creating-Growth.pdf (accessed 7 September 2017).

15.

Florida

(2002a) Bohemia and economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography 2(1): 55–71.

16.

Florida

(2002b) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How it's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, 1st ed. New York, NY: Basic Books.

17.

Florida

(2003) Cities and the creative class. City and Community 2(1): 3–19.

18.

Florida

(2005) Cities and the Creative Class. 1st ed, London: Routledge.

19.

Florida

(2007) The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent, 1st ed. New York, NY: Collins.

20.

Florida

Mellander

Stolarick

(2008) Inside the black box of regional development-human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of Economic Geography 8(5): 615–649.

21.

Fritsch

Stützer

(2009) The geography of creative people in Germany. The International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy 5(1/2/3): 7–23.

22.

Fritsch

Stützer

(2012) The geography of creative people in Germany revisited. Jena Economic Research Papers. 2012–065. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/70193/1/732452147.pdf ((accessed 17 November 2017).

23.

Gibson

(2006) Sydney's creative economy: social and spatial challenges. In: Freestone

Randolph

Butler-Bowdon

(eds) Talking About Sydney Population, Community and Culture in Contemporary Sydney, Sydney: UNSW Press, pp. 185–197.

24.

Glaeser

(2005) Review of Richard Florida's. The Rise of the Creative Class. Regional Science and Urban Economics 35(5): 593–596.

25.

Hall

Soskice

(2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

26.

Halle

(2013) Großstadtfilm and gentrification debates: Localism and social imaginary in Soul Kitchen and Eine Flexible Frau. New German Critique 40(3/120): 171–191.

27.

Heerden

Bontje

(2014) What about culture for the ordinary workforce? A study on the locational preferences of the creative class in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin. Journal of Urban Affairs 36(3): 465–481.

28.

Hsiao

(1986) Analysis of Panel Data. 1st ed, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

29.

ILO (1993) The Revised International Standard Classification of Occupation, Geneva: International Labour Office Bureau of Statistics. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/–-dgreports/–-stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_087943.pdf (accessed 15 September 2017).

30.

Lundvall

Johnson

(1994) The learning economy. Journal of Industry Studies 1(1): 23–42.

31.

Markusen

(2004) Targeting occupations in regional and community economic development. Journal of the American Planning Association 70(3): 253–268.

32.

Markusen

Wassall

DeNatale

et al. (2008) Defining the creative economy: Industry and occupational approaches. Economic Development Quarterly 22(1): 24–45.

33.

McCann

(2007) Inequality and politics in the creative city-region: Questions of livability and state strategy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31(1): 188–196.

34.

Mellander C and Florida R (2007) The creative class or human capital? - explaining regional development in Sweden. CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series Paper No. 79. Available at: https://static.sys.kth.se/itm/wp/cesis/cesiswp79.pdf (accessed 7 September 2017).

35.

Montanari F, Scapolan AC and Mizzau L (2016) Embeddedness and locational choices: A study of creative workers in a dance organization. Urban Studies. Epub ahead of print 6 December 2016. DOI: 10.1177/0042098016677940.

36.

Möller

Tubadji

(2009) The creative class, bohemians and local labor market performance: A micro-data panel study for Germany 1975–2004. Journal of Economics and Statistics 229: 270–291.

37.

Peck

(2005) Struggling with the creative class. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29(4): 740–770.

38.

Polèse

(2012) The arts and local economic development: Can a strong arts presence uplift local economies? A study of 135 Canadian cities. Urban Studies 49(8): 1811–1835.

39.

Qian

(2013) Diversity versus tolerance: The Social Drivers of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in US Cities. Urban Studies 50(13): 2718–2735.

40.

Sacchetti S (2013) Inclusive and exclusive social preferences: a Deweyian framework to explain governance heterogeneity. Journal of Business Ethics 126(3): 473–485.

41.

Sacchetti S and Tortia EC (2013) Satisfaction with creativity: A study of organizational characteristics and individual motivation. Journal of Happiness Studies 14(6): 1789–1811.

42.

Smith

Carlsson

Danielsson

(1984) Experimental Examinations of Creativity, Lund: Lund University.

43.

Stano

Węziak-Białowolska

Saisana

(2017) The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor, Luxembourg: Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Available at: https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/cultural-creative-cities-monitor/media/c3monitor2017.pdf (accessed 7 September 2017).

44.

Südekum J (2006) Agglomeration and Regional Costs of Living. Journal of Regional Science 46(3): 529–543.

45.

Südekum J (2008) Convergence of the Skill Composition across German Regions. Regional Science and Urban Economics 38(2): 148–159.

46.

Tiruneh EA (2014) Regional economic development in Italy: Applying the Creative Class to a test. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 5(1): 19–36.

47.

Tiruneh EA, Sacchetti S and Tortia EC (2013), Human capital, creative class and regional economic performance: A dynamic panel analysis, EERI Research Paper Series, No. 11/2013. Avallable at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/142661/1/EERI_RP_2013_11.pdf (accessed 17 November 2017).

48.

UN (2010) Creative Economy Report 2010, New York, NY: United Nations. Available at: http://unctad.org/fr/Docs/ditctab20103_en.pdf (accessed 28 October 2017).

49.

Sen

(2002) Rationality and Freedom. 1st ed, Cambridge, MA and London, UK: Belknap Press.

50.

Wedemeier J (2012) Germany's Creative Sector and its Impact on Employment Growth. Bern: Peter Lang AG.

51.

Wedemeier

(2015) Creative professionals, local amenities and externalities: Do regional concentrations of creative professionals reinforce themselves over time? European Planning Studies 23(12): 2464–2482.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.33 MB