Smokers are not the only ones who suffer the effects of tobacco; those around them are also harmed, particularly vulnerable groups such as pregnant women. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of secondhand smoke (SHS) among pregnant women and the factors associated with SHS exposure. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Central Women’s Hospital in the Yangon Region in 2022. The prevalence of SHS exposure was described, and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the associated factors. Out of 407 participants, the prevalence of SHS exposure was 65.4%. Education level, religion, smoking rules at home, visiting public places, and avoidance of SHS during pregnancy were significantly associated with SHS exposure. The findings highlighted the need for community guidance programs, policies, and interventions to establish smoke-free environments. It is also important to conduct behavioral interventions for smokers, especially to avoid SHS for pregnant women.
Prüss-UstünAÖbergMJaakkolaMSWoodwardAPerugaA. Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries. Lancet. 2011;377:139-185. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8
3.
KristinaSAPermitasariNPALKrisnadewiKISantosaKA. Incidence and mortality of cancers related to secondhand smoking in Southeast Asia Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019;20(3):971-976. doi:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.3.971
WangMWangZPZhangMZhaoZT. Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289(3):513-521. doi:10.1007/s00404-013-2997-3
6.
PrincePUmmanMFathimaFJohnsonA. Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy and its effect on birth outcomes: evidence from a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care hospital in Bengaluru. Indian J Community Med. 2021;46(1):102-106. doi:10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_464_20
7.
HylandAPiazzaKMHoveyKM, et al. Associations of lifetime active and passive smoking with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis of historical data from the Women’s Health Initiative. Tob Control. 2014;24(4):328-335. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051458
8.
EftekharMPourmasumiSSabetiPMirhosseiniF. Relation of second hand smoker and effect on pregnancy outcome and newborns parameters. Womens Health Gynecol. 2016;2(2):1-6.
9.
AnanthCVSavitzDALutherER. Maternal cigarette smoking as a risk factor for placental abruption, placenta previa, and uterine bleeding in pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(9):881-889. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009022
10.
BrownsonRCEriksenMPDavisRMWarnerKE. Environmental tobacco smoke: health effects and policies to reduce exposure. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:163-185. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.163
World Health Organization, Ministry of Health (Myanmar). Report on National Survey of Diabetes Mellitus and Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Myanmar (2014). Published online 2014. Accessed April 14, 2023. https://www.medbox.org/pdf/5e148832db60a2044c2d4e51
14.
ShowKPhyoASawS, et al. Perception of the risk of tobacco use in pregnancy and factors associated with tobacco use in rural areas of Myanmar. Tob Prev Cessat. 2019;5:36. doi:10.18332/tpc/112719
15.
SeinAAThan HtikeMMSinhaDNKyaingNN. Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke among adults in Myanmar. Indian J Cancer. 2012;49(4):410-418. doi:10.4103/0019-509X.107749
16.
QuiyanukoonPKalayasiriR. Prevalence and related factors of pregnant women received second hand smoke during pregnancy. Chula Med J. 2016;60(6):689-698. Accessed April 14, 2023. http://clmjournal.org/_fileupload/journal/8-5-9.pdf. (In Thai)
KrishnamurthyAVChinnakaliPDorairajanG, et al. Tobacco use, exposure to second-hand smoke among pregnant women and their association with birth weight: a retrospective cohort study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7(4):728-733. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_269_17
20.
SharmaTAggarwalPSinghM. Second hand smoke exposure in pregnant women in Dehradun, Uttarakhand: a cross sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(2):667-671. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1607_21
LokeAYTaiHL. A randomized controlled trial of the simple advice given by obstetricians in Guangzhou, China, to non-smoking pregnant women to help their husbands quit smoking. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;59(1):31-37. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.08.018
23.
Norsa’adahBSalinahO. The effect of second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy on the newborn weight in Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci. 2014;21(2):44-53.
24.
JhunHJSeoHGLeeDH, et al. Self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine levels among pregnant women in Korea and factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(5):752-757. doi:10.3346/jkms.2010.25.5.752
25.
AurrekoetxeaJJMurciaMRebagliatoM, et al. Factors associated with second-hand smoke exposure in non-smoking pregnant women in Spain: self-reported exposure and urinary cotinine levels. Sci Total Environ. 2014;470-471:1189-1196. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.110
26.
AzagbaS. Effect of smoke-free patio policy of restaurants and bars on exposure to second-hand smoke. Prev Med. 2015;76:74-78. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.012
27.
Buettner-SchmidtKBoursawBLoboMLTraversMJ. Tobacco smoke pollution in hospitality venues before and after passage of statewide smoke-free legislation. Public Health Nurs. 2017;34(2):166-175. doi:10.1111/phn.12301
28.
World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization; 2003. Accessed April 14, 2023. https://fctc.who.int/who-fctc/overview
29.
DreslerCLandoHSchneiderNSehgalH. Human rights-based approach to tobacco control. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):208-211. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050206
